Biomedical subjects

M A Nippold

Publications and source records attributed to M A Nippold.

21 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1984

Unconstrained retrieval from semantic memory.

The present study was designed to examine developmental change in the processes used to retrieve lexical information from semantic memory. We asked 8-, 12-, and 21-year-olds to name as many animals and pieces of furniture as they could, in separate 7-min intervals. The principal results were the following: (1) the number of items retrieved increased with age, but at all ages retrieval declined hyperbolically over the 7-min interval; (2) analysis of the time between retrieval of successive items indicated that older individuals retrieved larger clusters of items, but that the number of clusters retrieved did not vary with age; and (3) at all ages prototypic category members were retrieved first, followed by typical (but not prototypic) and atypical category members. The results are explained in terms of a model in which the information in semantic memory changes with age, but the processes used to retrieve that information do not.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Picture naming in language-impaired children.

A picture-naming task was used to examine word-finding problems in language-impaired children. The subjects included 20 language-impaired children, 20 normal children matched to the language-impaired children for chronological age, and 20 normal children matched to the language-impaired children on a composite index of language age. Children were shown 64 pictures of objects and asked to name each as rapidly as possible. The principal findings were that (a) pictures of objects with more frequently occurring names were named more rapidly than pictures of objects with less frequently occurring names; (b) language-imparied children named pictures less rapidly than their chronological-age peers but more rapidly than their language-age peers; and (c) the effects of frequency of occurrence on naming time were comparable for all three groups of children. Factors that may have accounted for the findings are discussed.

Child↗

PubMed1982

Development in the use and understanding of polite forms in children.

In two experiments, children's use and understanding of polite forms and the relationship these abilities share with an ability to adopt the perspective of another were examined. Development in the understanding of polite forms seemed best characterized as sensitivity to the function of these forms in an increasing number of sentence types. Development in the use of polite forms could be viewed as an increasing tendency to produce more than one polite form in the same utterance and to use a wider variety of interrogative types when expressing politeness. Emergence of the use and understanding of politeness in speech at age 3 seemed related to an emerging ability to adopt the perspective of another. However, development of politeness beyond this age seemed related only to a form of perspective taking in which knowledge of social roles plays a part.

Child↗