Letter: Nomenclature of thyroid function tests.
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Terminology as Topic↗
Biomedical subjects
M A Mitchell
Publications and source records attributed to M A Mitchell.
Hospital sanitation: the massive bacterial contamination of the wet mop.
Following the demonstration of massive spread of bacterial contamination throughout the hospital by the wet-mopping techniques in use, quantitative studies were undertaken to determine the source of contamination and to institute measures of control. It was found that mops, stored wet, supported bacterial growth to very high levels and could not be adequately decontaminated by chemical disinfection. Laundering and adequate drying provided effective decontamination, but build-up of bacterial counts occurred if mops were not changed daily or if disinfectant was omitted from the wash-water. Recommendations were based upon the experimental findings.
Agar↗
Effects of teacher attention on attending behavior of two boys at adjacent desks.
The effects of teacher attention on the attending behavior of two boys seated at adjacent desks were investigated. Baseline records were obtained of the appropriate attending behavior of two boys who were described as the most disruptive pupils in a second-grade classroom of a poverty area school. During the first experimental phase, the teacher systematically increased the amount of attention for appropriate attending in one of the pair, Edwin. This resulted in a dramatic increase in his attending rate and a lesser, though significant, increase in attending behavior of the second boy, Greg. During the second experimental phase, systematic attention for attending was instituted for Greg and was discontinued for Edwin. This resulted in further increases in attending by Greg and a reduction in attending by Edwin. A brief withdrawal of reinforcement for attending in both Greg and Edwin reduced attending levels for both. Following this reversal appropriate attending for both boys was systematically reinforced and attending returned to high levels.
Journal Article↗
Specific microbiological techniques used in the infection control laboratory.
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Antisepsis↗
Response of broilers to deprivation of food and water for 24 hours.
In order to provide information on the state of hydration of broilers during marketing, 7-week-old Ross broilers of mixed sex were kept at 17 or 23 degrees C and deprived of food, or food and water, for 24 h. Measurements were made of live weight, carcass weight, muscle moisture, packed cell volume, plasma glucose, corticosterone, total protein, osmolality and sodium. There was a decrease in live weight, carcass weight, plasma glucose and plasma total protein, and an increase in packed cell volume and corticosterone, in birds deprived of food, or food and water. Muscle moisture increased in birds deprived of food and decreased in birds deprived of food and water. Osmolality decreased in birds deprived of food, the decrease being greater in birds at 23 degrees C. Plasma sodium levels were higher in birds kept at 23 degrees C and increased only in birds deprived of food and water at 23 degrees C.
Animals↗
Health care of the internationally adopted child part 1. Before and at arrival into the adoptive home.
International adoptees are frequently encountered in pediatric practice. Their health status in the country of origin is quite variable. Once in the United States, there is no mandated medical evaluation for these infants and children. Commonly missed or ignored conditions include vision or hearing loss, infectious diseases, incomplete immunizations, and various allergies and food intolerances. The prepared nurse practitioner can provide invaluable assistance in ensuring the efficient and appropriate evaluation of each internationally adopted child. Part 1 of this series discusses concerns before the child's arrival in the adoptive home and the medical issues most important soon after arrival Part 2 addresses long-term issues including the follow-up of initial assessments, management of chronic medical problems, and concerns about growth, development, and social adjustments.
Adoption↗
Health care of the internationally adopted child. Part 2: Chronic care long-term medical issues.
Internationally adopted children remain at risk throughout their lives for medical sequelae related to their birth and residence in a foreign country. In the early period after placement the most important problems are the management of chronic infectious diseases and malnutrition. Over time, however, many children will have issues related to growth, age determination, timing of puberty, dental care, development, and language acquisition. Chronic disease and ethnic health considerations pose some special problems for the adopted child without a personal or family history. Part 1 of this series addressed the initial evaluation for the newly arrived internationally adopted child, whereas part 2 discusses the long-term management problems. J Pediatr Health Care.
Adolescent↗
Sequence-selective guanine reactivity by duocarmycin A.
High selectivity for covalent reaction at adenine N-3 within duplex DNA is a distinguishing feature of the CC-1065 and duocarmycin classes of natural products. Studies of the base and sequence selectivity exhibited by duocarmycins and CC-1065-based alkylating agents have focused on characterization of the predominant covalent adenine adducts that are formed. While information about minor DNA reaction products could provide valuable insights to our understanding the DNA recognition and reactivity properties of these agents, little characterization of such adducts by these agents has appeared in the literature. To broaden our structure-reactivity understanding of these DNA alkylating compounds, comparative investigations of the covalent sequence selectivity exhibited by compounds containing altered cyclopropapyrroloindole (CPI) alkylating subunits such as duocarmycin A were undertaken using the DNA polymerase inhibition assay. We were surprised to identify with this assay a DNA sequence with an unusual propensity for covalent reaction with duocarmycin A at a guanine nucleotide. Using the heat strand breakage assay with a duplex oligonucleotide containing this interesting sequence, we confirmed the site of alkylation to be the indicated guanine in the sequence 5'-CGCGTTG*GGAG-3'. The trimethoxyindole-CPI analog of duocarmycin A does not alkylate this guanine, suggesting that there are interesting features to the duplex recognition/reactivity exhibited by duocarmycin A. Herein we describe our identification of the first DNA sequence which covalently reacts with duocarmycin A at a guanine nucleotide in the absence of additional minor groove binding agents.
Alkylating Agents↗
Spontaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and multiple bronchioloalveolar carcinomas in a Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana).
Two primary tumours, squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and multiple bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, were diagnosed in a Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Two oral masses were located in the right ventrolateral surface of the tongue, near the frenulum, and the lungs contained multiple, widely distributed, nodular masses. Microscopically, the oral masses were composed of invasive cords of pleomorphic, polyhedral cells, typical of squamous cells. The multiple pulmonary masses consisted of non-ciliated, cuboidal, columnar, or occasionally polyhedral cells arranged in an alveolar pattern with multifocal areas of necrosis. This is the first report of spontaneous oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the Virginia opossum. However, multiple pulmonary adenomas have been reported previously in this species, the lesions being similar to those in sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte). In the present study, immunohistochemical examination of the pulmonary tumours with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum to jaagsiekte retroviral capsid protein proved negative.
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar↗
The Columbia Registry of Information and Utilization Management Trials.
OBJECTIVE: T systematically locate, register, and abstract information used in comparing effects of various information services (computerized and noncomputerized) and utilization management interventions on the process and outcome of patient care. DESIGN: Manual and electronic database searches located reports that met three main criteria: 1) randomized controlled trial; 2) information or utilization management intervention in the study group with no similar intervention in the control group; and 3) effect of the intervention on the process and/or outcome of patient care had been measured. Published reports were registered in the Columbia Registry. RESULTS: Nearly 600 reports were collected from 24 countries and 189 different publications. Frequently tested interventions included patients or physician education, telephone follow-up, patient or physician reminders, and home care services. Frequently reported effect variables included hospitalization rate, length of stay, immunization rate, and mortality rate. Standardized formal tools were developed for the separation and abstraction of practical information and methodologic details from the collected trial reports. CONCLUSIONS: The registry provides a new source of information for meta-analyses, traditional reviews, and executive summaries of quality improvement of health services. The streamlined knowledge engineering process of quality evaluation and abstraction of critical information can generate helpful information for practitioners and researchers simultaneously.
Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
Evaluation of transthyretin as a monitor of protein-energy intake in preterm and sick neonatal infants.
In the past, weight and weight gain have been the two parameters used frequently in neonatal units to monitor nutrition among high-risk infants. Our investigation sought to assess how several anthropometric measures (weight, length, head circumference, arm:head circumference ratio, and tricep skinfold) and serum albumin, transthyretin, and transferrin concentrations reflect protein and energy intake. After monitoring 42 preterm and 40 sick infants over 3 consecutive weeks, we found that transthyretin concentration proved the only serum protein which accurately measured energy and protein intakes in less than 1 week from dietary manipulation. Among preterm infants, as protein and energy intakes rose, transthyretin concentration increased significantly (p less than 0.001). Preterm infants ingested 79 +/- 39 kcal/kg/day and 2.04 +/- 1.02 g protein/kg/day at the first assessment point after birth and rose to 103 +/- 34 kcal/kg/day and 2.64 +/- 0.94 g protein/kg/day. Likewise, transthyretin measured 10.83 +/- 3.91 mg/dl at the initial measurement and rose to 14.80 +/- 4.44 at the second measurement time. Although protein intakes measured slightly lower in the sick group, their intakes correlated to transthyretin concentration (assessment time 1, r = 0.39; time 2, r = 0.33; time 3, r = 0.33). Thus, transthyretin concentration in neonatal infants offers a rapid, accurate, and moderately inexpensive way to monitor protein-energy adequacy.
Dietary Proteins↗
Black-on-black homicide: Kansas City's response.
In many metropolitan areas, homicide continues to be the scourge of black Americans despite increasing awareness of the overrepresentation of blacks among victims and perpetrators. The risk of being a homicide victim among black males is so high that the Department of Health and Human Services has set a priority of reducing the risk to 60 per 100,000 by 1990. The recent escalation in the number of homicides in the United States associated with drugs makes attainment of that goal unlikely. In Kansas City, a black community grassroots organization, the Ad Hoc Group Against Crime, commissioned a multidisciplinary task force to study black-on-black homicide in 1986. The report generated by this task force identified factors placing Kansas Citians at high risk of being homicide victims or perpetrators, including being black, male, unemployed, between the ages 17-29, a high school nongraduate, frequently involved in or around violence, and having prior arrests on weapons charges. One hundred recommendations were made, of which 12 were targeted for immediate implementation. These included increasing public awareness of the incidence of black-on-black homicide, involvement of black men in role model programs for young black males, training in anger control and alternatives to violence for those identified as being at high risk for homicide, and providing a role for ex-offenders in violence prevention. Working with community organizations has inherent strengths and weaknesses for public health workers. However, such a group can successfully impact the affected community in ways which would be difficult for traditional resources.
Adolescent↗
A rapid method for the estimation of estriol in pregnancy by gas liquid chromatography.
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Chromatography, Gas↗