Biomedical subjects

M A Martínez

Publications and source records attributed to M A Martínez.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Toxicokinetics of lambda-cyhalothrin in rats.

The toxicokinetics of lambda-cyhalothrin after single 20 mg kg(-1) oral and 3 mg kg(-1) intravenous doses were studied in rats. Serial blood samples were obtained after oral and intravenous administration. Liver, brain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve, vas deferens, anococcygeus and myenteric plexus tissue samples were also collected. Plasma, liver, hypothalamus, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, frontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, midbrain, spinal cord, vas deferens, anococcygeus, myenteric plexus and sciatic nerve concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin were determined by HPLC. The plasma and tissue concentration-time data for lambda-cyhalothrin were found to fit a two-compartment open model. For lambda-cyhalothrin, the elimination half-life (T1/2beta) and the mean residence time from plasma were 7.55 and 8.55 h after i.v. and 10.27 and 14.43 h after oral administration. The total plasma clearance was not influenced by dose concentration or route and reached a value of 0.060l h(-1)kg(-1). After i.v. administration, the apparent volume of distribution and at steady state were 0.68 and 0.53l kg(-1), suggesting a diffusion of the pyrethroid into tissue. After oral administration, lambda-cyhalothrin was extensively but slowly absorbed (Tmax, 2.69 h). The oral bioavailability was found to be 67.37%. Significant differences in the kinetic parameters between nervous tissues and plasma was observed. The maximum concentrations in hypothalamus (Cmax, 24.12 microg g(-1)) and myenteric plexus (Cmax, 25.12 microg g(-1)) were about 1.5 times higher than in plasma (Cmax, 15.65 microg ml(-1)) and 1.3 times higher than in liver (Cmax, 18.42 microg ml(-1)). Nervous tissue accumulation of lambda-cyhalothrin was also reflected by the area under the concentration curve ratios of tissue/plasma (liver). The T1/2beta for lambda-cyhalothrin was significantly greater for the nerve tissues, including neuromuscular fibres, (range 12-26 and 15-34 h, after i.v. and oral doses) than for plasma (7.55 and 10.27 h, respectively).

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2005

A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the combined behavior of ligaments and menisci in the healthy human knee joint.

We present here a three-dimensional FE model of the healthy human knee that included the main structures of the joint: bones, all the relevant ligaments and patellar tendon, menisci and articular cartilages. Bones were considered to be rigid, articular cartilage and menisci linearly elastic, isotropic and homogeneous and ligaments hyperelastic and transversely isotropic. Initial strains on the ligaments and patellar tendon were also considered. This model was validated using experimental and numerical results obtained by other authors. Our main goal was to analyze the combined role of menisci and ligaments in load transmission and stability of the human knee. The results obtained reproduce the complex, nonuniform stress and strain fields that occur in the biological soft tissues involved and the kinematics of the human knee joint under a physiological external load.

Finite Element Analysis↗

PubMed2005

A finite element simulation of the effect of graft stiffness and graft tensioning in ACL reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The anterior cruciate is the most frequent knee ligament to be totally disrupted. Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is a common practice to treat the disability or chronical instability of knees due to anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Some of the factors that influence the success or failure of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are the integrity of secondary restraints, the preoperative laxity of the knee, the status of the articular and meniscal cartilages, the selection of the graft material, the surgical technique, the graft tension and the postoperative rehabilitation. METHODS: In this paper we present and discuss the results obtained with a three-dimensional finite element model of the human knee joint corresponding to different aspects of human anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In particular, this model was used to investigate the effect of graft stiffness and graft tensioning on the knee joint biomechanics. The initial graft tension was set to 0, 20, 40 or 60 N with the knee at 0 degrees , 30 degrees and 60 degrees of flexion. Three different stiffnesses corresponding to those of patellar tendon, gracilis and quadrupled semitendinosus grafts were analyzed. FINDINGS: The resulting kinematics in each of these cases under an anterior load of 134 N was compared to that of the intact knee. The obtained results showed that, after reconstruction, the closest anterior tibial translation to that of the intact knee is obtained with a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft with a pretension of 60 N. INTERPRETATION: However, this initial tension produces an important additional stress in the graft during the knee movement. This may cause problems in revascularization and remodelling during the postoperative healing process. A lower pretension of about 40 N should therefore be recommended in the present conditions.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries↗

PubMed2005

Finite element analysis of the effect of meniscal tears and meniscectomies on human knee biomechanics.

BACKGROUND: Many authors have suggested that the high levels of shear and tensile stresses that appear in the articular cartilage after meniscectomy are partly responsible for cartilage pathologies, such as osteoarthrosis. METHODS: In this paper, we investigate the effect of meniscal tears and meniscectomies on the human knee joint. Solid models of the tibia, femur, menisci and cartilage were generated from MRI images. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed that included the femur, tibia, cartilage layers, menisci and ligaments. The femur and tibia were considered to be rigid, the articular cartilage and menisci to be linearly elastic, isotropic and homogeneous and the ligaments were modelled as hyperelastic. Three different situations were compared: a healthy tibio-femoral joint, a tibio-femoral joint with tears in one meniscus and a tibio-femoral joint after meniscectomy. FINDINGS: The minimal principal stresses corresponding to a compressive load at 0 degrees flexion were obtained for the posterior zone of the medial meniscus and the corresponding region of the articular cartilage. Under an axial femoral compressive load, the maximal contact stress in the articular cartilage after meniscectomy was about twice that of a healthy joint. INTERPRETATION: This fact could partially explain the cartilage damage and degeneration that have been observed after meniscectomy.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin and the rate of depletion of its residues in pigs.

Six pigs were used in a two-period crossover study to investigate the pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin after single intravenous and oral doses of 20 mg/kg bodyweight. Twelve pigs were used to study the residues of the drug in muscle, kidney, liver and fat after they had received daily oral doses of 20 mg/kg amoxycillin for five days. The mean (sd) elimination half life (t1/2beta) and mean residence time of amoxycillin in plasma were 3.38 (0.30) and 3.54 (0.43) hours, respectively, after intravenous administration and 4.13 (0.50) and 4.47 (0.30) hours, respectively, after oral administration. After oral administration, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 7.37 (0.42) microg/ml and it was reached after 0.97 (0.29) hours. Six days after the last oral dose, the mean concentration of amoxycillin in the pigs' kidneys was 21.38 ng/g and in the liver it was 12.32 ng/g, but no amoxycillin could be detected in fat or muscle; the concentrations of amoxycillin in edible tissues were less than the European Union maximal residue limit of 50 microg/kg.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

[Prevalence of malnutrition in outpatients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition in outpatients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) followed at a respiratory clinic. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this prospective study, we assessed the nutritional status of consecutive outpatients with stable COPD by investigating various anthropometric parameters. Patients were malnourished (low body weight) if their body mass index was within the bottom quartile of a reference population. Muscle mass was determined from the midarm muscle area and if this mass was at or within the bottom quartile, muscle wasting was present. Albumin and transferrin plasma concentrations were used as a measure of visceral protein stores. Fat stores were assessed from body fat and if this value was at or within the bottom quartile, calorific malnutrition was present. All patients underwent arterial blood gas sampling at rest and spirometry. RESULTS: A total of 178 patients--one woman (0.6%) and 177 men (99.4%)--were enrolled in the study, with a mean (SD) age of 69 (9) years. We found low body weight in 19.1% of the patients, muscle wasting in 47.2%, visceral protein depletion in 17.4%, and fat depletion in 19.1%. Of the patients with normal weight, 62.9% showed muscle wasting. The proportion of patients with a body mass index or midarm muscle area at or within the bottom quartile increased significantly with increased bronchial obstruction (P<.001 and P=.015, respectively), though 35.7% of the patients showed muscle wasting even when COPD was mild. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients with stable COPD suffer malnutrition. Nutritional state is worse with more severe COPD. Depletion involves both fat stores and muscle and visceral protein stores, but the greatest effect is seen in muscle wasting. A significant number of patients with normal weight also suffer muscle wasting. Although changes in body composition were common in our patients, low body weight was less prevalent than has been reported for populations in countries that are socially and economically similar to Spain.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates consumption during degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by Sphingopyxis chilensis S37.

AIMS: To analyse the possible effect of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) consumption on 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) degradation during starvation by Sphingopyxis chilensis S37 strain, which stores PHAs and degrades 2,4,6-TCP. METHODS AND RESULTS: The strain was inoculated in saline solution supplemented with 2,4,6-TCP (25-400 microm). Chlorophenol degradation was followed both spectrophotometrically and by chlorine released; viable bacterial counts were also determined. Cells starved for 24, 48 or 72 h were incubated with 25 microm of 2,4,6-TCP and PHA in cells investigated by spectrofluorimetric and flow cytometry. Results demonstrated that starvation decreased the ability to degrade 2,4,6-TCP. After 72 h of starvation, degradation of 2,4,6-TCP decreased to less than 10% and the relative PHA content diminished to ca 50% during the first 24 h. CONCLUSION: Utilization of PHA may be an important factor for the degradation of toxic compounds, such as 2,4,6-TCP, in bacterial strains unable to use this toxic compound as carbon and energy source. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first study describing a relationship between intracellular PHA consumption and 2,4,6-TCP degradation. Therefore, PHAs provides an endogenous carbon and energy source under starvation and can play a significant role in the degradation of toxic compounds.

Alphaproteobacteria↗

PubMed2003

A comparative solid-phase extraction study for the simultaneous determination of fluoxetine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, trimipramine, maprotiline, clomipramine, and trazodone in whole blood by capillary gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection.

This paper reports the simultaneous detection of the seven antidepressants fluoxetine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, trimipramine, maprotiline, clomipramine, and trazodone in whole blood at concentration levels of 100-2000 ng/mL by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). A comparative and validation study using two solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns, Chem Elut and Bond Elut Certify, were developed regarding their recovery, precision, sensitivity, and matrix purification efficiency. The Chem Elut columns, a diatomaceous earth, are closely related to conventional liquid-liquid extraction. The Bond Elut Certify columns, more recently developed in the market, are a mixed SPE: reversed-phase and cation exchange sorbent. Recoveries of the compounds using Chem Elut columns at 500 ng/mL were in the range 30-50%, with intra- and interassay precisions of less than 9% and 17%, respectively. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 13 to 146 ng/mL and from 44 to 485 ng/mL, respectively. Recoveries of the compounds using Bond Elut Certify columns at 500 ng/mL were in the range 59-84% with intra- and interassay precisions of less than 8% and 11%, respectively. LODs and LOQs ranged from 8 to 67 ng/mL and from 25 to 223 ng/mL, respectively. An excellent linearity was observed with both extraction procedures from the LOQs up to 2000 ng/mL. Higher recoveries, cleaner extracts, better sensitivity, better precision, and less solvent consumption and disposal were achieved for the screening of these antidepressants with the use of the mixed SPE Bond Elut Certify compared with Chem Elut columns.

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic↗

PubMed2003

[CADASIL: a case with clinical, radiological, histological and genetic diagnoses].

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a rare inherited cerebrovascular disease. The onset of clinical symptoms occurs with migraine with aura, transient ischemic attacks, recurrent subcortical ischemic infarcts, neuropsychiatric changes reaching subcortical dementia. Brain magnetic resonance images show multiple deep cerebral infarcts in white matter and basal ganglia and diffuse leukoencephalopathy. Neuropathologic hallmark consists of deposition of small electron dense granular patches related to the basement membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells with degeneration of smooth muscle cells and media and luminal obliteration. Recently, the genetic characteristics of this disorder have been reported. Missense mutations in notch3 gene localized in chromosome 19 are involved in its pathogenesis. Only three families from Spain have been reported. Here we describe a patient with typical clinical symptoms, neuroimaging and pathology of CADASIL. C406T (Arg110Cys) mutation in notch3 gene was found. We comment on the clinical symptoms of different members of the patient's family.

Dementia, Multi-Infarct↗

PubMed2002

Six years of experience in laparoscopic surgery of esophageal achalasia.

BACKGROUND: We show the experience of 6 years in laparoscopic surgical therapy of esophageal achalasia, performing of the Heller-Dor or Heller-Toupet operation, with particular regard to the technical aspect. METHODS: One hundred and ten laparoscopic interventions were done between November 1995 and December 2001. We studied operative time in hiatus approach, esophagocardiomyotomy, transoperative endoscopy, and anti-reflux procedure. We also analyzed the relation between complications and clinical evolution of disease with clinical stage. RESULTS: The mean surgical time of the intervention is 138 min, and it is significantly increased by transoperative endoscopic control; conversion to open surgery was not necessary. Clinical results are classified as excellent in 103 patients. Morbidity was 6%. CONCLUSION: This surgical procedure is a first line in the treatment of esophageal achalasia. It is necessary to have special care in early diagnostic cases to avoid electrosurgical injury.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Effect of ovaric hyper-stimulation on blood lymphocyte subpopulations, cytokines, leptin and nitrite among patients with unexplained infertility.

PROBLEM: To determine the effect of ovarian stimulation on TH1, TH2 and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes, plasma cytokines, leptin and nitrite levels. METHODS: Women with reproductive failure were studied during the implantation window, at baseline (n = 18) and under ovarian stimulation (gonadotropins + progesterone, n = 6). CONTROLS: eight fertile women. Lymphocyte subpopulations and NK function were determined by flow cytometry. Interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1 and leptin were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA); nitrite by the Griess reaction. RESULTS: At baseline, patients had higher values of NK effectors, NK activity and plasma IFN-gamma and IL-2 than controls. Conversely, TGF-beta1 values were lower. Hormones induced leukocytosis. Under stimulation, THI CD4+ cells, NK effectors and function and plasma IFN-gamma and IL-2 decreased, while transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 increased. Other variables did not change. CONCLUSION: The abnormal distribution of leukocytes, high TH1 cytokines and a low TGF-beta1 associated with reproductive failure, respond to ovarian stimulation, achieving total or partial normalization.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Antibiotic administration in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes reduces the rate of histological chorioamnionitis: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether antibiotic administration in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes is associated with a reduction in the rate of histological chorioamnionitis and funisitis. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes and no labor between 24 and 34 weeks were invited to participate in this study. Eligible patients randomly received either clindamycin-gentamicin for 7 days or placebo, and were managed expectantly until 35 weeks unless fetal or maternal indications developed. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity was defined as the presence of a positive amniotic fluid culture obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis. Cervicovaginal infection was diagnosed when bacterial vaginosis or a positive culture for cervicovaginal pathogens or facultative bacteria associated with a significant increase in the white blood cell count were found. Histological chorioamnionitis was based on the observation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the chorionic plate or the extraplacental fetal membranes. Funisitis was diagnosed in the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration into the umbilical vessel walls or Wharton jelly. Statistics were performed using contingency tables. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients with available histological study of the placenta were included. Thirty-five women received antibiotics and 36 were given placebo. Patients who received antibiotics had a significantly lower rate of histological chorioamnionitis than patients who received placebo (46% (16/35) vs. 69% (25/36), respectively; p < 0.05). This effect was more pronounced among women with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and/or cervicovaginal infection (58% vs. 89%, respectively; p < 0.01). Antibiotic therapy was associated with an increase in the frequency of placentas without histological abnormalities (29% vs. 6%; p < 0.01). The frequency of funisitis was not different between groups. CONCLUSION: Administration of antibiotics in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of histological chorioamnionitis but it does not modify the frequency of funisitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Seasonal blood pressure changes in mild hypertension].

BACKGROUND: Our goal was to evaluate seasonal blood pressure (BP) changes in patients with mild hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Forty-three hypertensive subjects underwent two clinical examinations in different seasons (summer and winter), separated by a 6 month-interval.Each examination included a 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring. RESULTS: Ambulatory diurnal BP was higher in winter that it was in summer(p < 0.01). Seasonal changes were inversely correlated to the body mass index (r = -0.44; p < 0.05, for systolic BP). CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory diurnal BP is subjected to seasonal influences. Seasonal variations of BP habe implications for the clinical management of hypertension.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Diabetes abolishes the gender difference in vasopressin-mediated potentiation of sympathetic vasoconstriction.

Electrical field stimulation (4 Hz, 0.2 ms pulse duration, at a supramaximal voltage of 70 V, for 1 s) of isolated rat tail artery segments produced contraction which was lower in female than in male rats, and was reduced by streptozotocin-induced diabetes in both genders. This contraction was potentiated by vasopressin (10(-12)-10(-10) M) more in normoglycemic male than in normoglycemic female rats, and this effect of vasopressin was increased by the cyclooxigenase inhibitor meclofenamate (10(-5) M) in female control rats, but not in diabetic female, or control and diabetic male rats, and it was not modified by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10(-4) M). Endothelin-1 (10(-10)-3 x 10(-9) M) also potentiated the contraction to electrical stimulation. This potentiation was similar in all experimental groups, and it was not modified by meclofenamate or L-NAME. These results suggest that the potentiating effect of vasopressin, but not that of endothelin-1, on the sympathetic vasoconstriction, is lower in females than in males, probably by an increased release of vasodilating prostanoids, and this release may be reduced by diabetes in females.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Adrenergic vasoconstrictor activity in the cerebral circulation after inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in conscious goats.

The interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and adrenergic activity in the cerebral circulation was studied using conscious goats, where blood flow to one brain hemisphere (cerebral blood flow) was electromagnetically measured, and the effects of phentolamine and hexamethonium on cerebrovascular resistance were evaluated before (control) and after inhibition of NO synthesis with NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). L-NAME (12 goats, 40 mg kg(-1) administered i.v.) reduced cerebral blood flow from 62 +/- 3 to 44 +/- 2 ml min(-1), increased mean systemic arterial pressure from 100 +/- 3 to 126 +/- 4 mm Hg, decreased heart rate from 79 +/- 5 to 50 +/- 4 beats min(-1) and increased cerebrovascular resistance from 1.63 +/- 0.08 to 2.91 +/- 0.016 mm Hg ml(-1)min(-1) (all P < 0.01). These hemodynamic variables normalized 48-72 h after L-NAME administration. Phentolamine (six goats, 1 mg), injected into the cerebral circulation. increased cerebral blood flow without changing systenic arterial pressure, but its cerebrovascular effects were augmented for about 24 h after L-NAME. The decrements in cerebrovascular resistance induced by phentolamine, in mm Hg ml(-1) min(-1), were: under control, 0.42 +/- 0.05; immediately after L-NAME, 1.38 +/- 0.09 (P < 0.01 compared with control); by about 24 h after L-NAME, 0.71 +/- 0.09 (P < 0.05 compared with control); and by about 48 h after L-NAME, 0.40 +/- 0.07 (P > 0.05 compared with control). Hexamethonium (six goats, 0.5-1 mg kg(-1) min(-1) i.v.) decreased mean systemic arterial pressure to about 75 mm Hg and caused tachycardia similarly before and after L-NAME, but the decrements in cerebrovascular resistance were augmented for about 24 h after L-NAME. The decrements in cerebrovascular resistance induced by hexamethonium, in mm Hg ml(-1).min(-1), were: under control. 0.61 +/- 0.09, immediately after L-NAME, 1.33 +/- 0.16 (P < 0.01 compared with control); by about 24 h after L-NAME, 1.18 +/- 0.10 (P < 0.01 compared with control): and by about 48 h after L-NAME, 0.99 +/- 0.10 (P > 0.05 compared with control). Therefore, these results suggest that adrenergic vasoconstrictor tone in cerebral vasculature may be augmented after inhibition of NO synthesis, and that this increment may contribute to the reduction of cerebral blood flow after inhibition of NO formation.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗

PubMed2001

Absence of genetic diversity reduction in the HIV-1 integrated proviral LTR sequence population during successful combination therapy.

We report the integrated proviral LTR sequence variation in four patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Integrated proviral fragments of LTR taken from four time points were PCR amplified from PBMCs and 10 to 12 individual clones were sequenced for each time point. Intrasample genetic distances and phylogenetic reconstruction of all LTR sequences demonstrated that 1-2 years of successful HAART did not significantly reduce the genetic repertoire of the integrated reservoir of HIV-1.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

PubMed2001

Leaching of toluene-neoprene adhesive wastes.

This work consists of the study of the extraction of solvent (toluene) from a polymeric (neoprene) substrate during a leaching process. Total organic carbon (TOC) is the main contaminant parameter in the leaching of these systems due to the solution of the toluene and the dispersion of the polymer. The toxicity of the extracts was measured with a Microtox equipment, using Photobacteria phosphoreum, deducing that the toxicity of the extracts is low due to the low solubility of toluene but that the toxicity of toluene is high. On the basis of the experimental results, the amount of toluene diffused vs time in plane sheet systems was studied. A kinetic model has been developed considering two stages: In the first stage, the toluene diffuses into the system across the neoprene chains at a constant rate, not depending on the initial toluene concentration. This fact is explained by considering that there is a constant difference of the toluene concentration between the interface with the water and the inner part of the sample. In the second stage, the dispersion of the polymer with the corresponding amount of toluene takes place. The diffusion of toluene in the leaching process is compared and analyzed considering the diffusion of toluene in a desorption process in air so that the difference of toluene concentration between the interface and the interior can be estimated. A mathematical model is also proposed for considering the leaching process in other operating conditions.

Adhesives↗

PubMed2001

Polyphenol oxidase activity, color changes, and dehydration in table grape rachis during development and storage as affected by n-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-n-phenylurea.

Flame Seedless grapes were sprayed with N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea (CPPU) at 0, 2.5, and 5.0 ppm to develop rachis resistant to browning and dehydration. Rachis polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was determined during cluster development. Cluster components were weighed at commercial (CM), and physiological maturity (PM). PPO activity, rachis color changes (L and a), and cluster weight loss were evaluated at 0 degrees C for 8, 16, 32, and 56 days. CPPU-treated rachis had a decrease of 36% in PPO activity and a week delay in peak activity. At PM, dry weight of CPPU-treated rachis increased by 3 g. Postharvest rachis PPO activity declined with CPPU application, and color changes followed the same pattern for CM and PM. After 32 days of storage, L and a in lateral branches were significantly superior in CPPU treatments. Weight losses below 2.1% were significantly lowest in CPPU-treated clusters for 16 days of storage regardless of cluster maturity.

Catechol Oxidase↗