Biomedical subjects

Li Huang

Publications and source records attributed to Li Huang.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Pax3 functions at a nodal point in melanocyte stem cell differentiation.

Most stem cells are not totipotent. Instead, they are partially committed but remain undifferentiated. Upon appropriate stimulation they are capable of regenerating mature cell types. Little is known about the genetic programmes that maintain the undifferentiated phenotype of lineage-restricted stem cells. Here we describe the molecular details of a nodal point in adult melanocyte stem cell differentiation in which Pax3 simultaneously functions to initiate a melanogenic cascade while acting downstream to prevent terminal differentiation. Pax3 activates expression of Mitf, a transcription factor critical for melanogenesis, while at the same time it competes with Mitf for occupancy of an enhancer required for expression of dopachrome tautomerase, an enzyme that functions in melanin synthesis. Pax3-expressing melanoblasts are thus committed but undifferentiated until Pax3-mediated repression is relieved by activated beta-catenin. Thus, a stem cell transcription factor can both determine cell fate and simultaneously maintain an undifferentiated state, leaving a cell poised to differentiate in response to external stimuli.

Aging↗

PubMed2005

Mechanism of action and resistant profile of anti-HIV-1 coumarin derivatives.

Dicamphanoyl khellactone (DCK) is a coumarin derivative that can potently inhibit HIV-1 replication. DCK does not inhibit RNA-dependent DNA synthesis. However, an HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor-resistant strain, HIV-1/RTMDR1, is resistant to DCK. Thus, it is possible that HIV-1 RT is the target of DCK. To test this possibility, DCK-resistant viruses were selected in the presence of DCK. Our results indicate that a single amino acid mutation, E138K in HIV-1 RT, is sufficient to confer DCK resistance. Interestingly, a DCK derivative, 3'R,4'R-Di-O-(-)-camphanoyl-2-ethyl-2',2'-dimethyldihydropyrano[2,3-f]chromone (DCP8), is effective against HIV-1/RTMDR1. However, the DCK-escape virus carrying the E138K mutation remains resistant to DCP8. Since DCK did not inhibit the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of HIV-1 RT when using poly-rA or poly-rC as template, we evaluated the effect of DCK on the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of HIV-1 RT. Our results indicate that DCK can inhibit the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of HIV-1 RT. In conclusion, DCK is a unique HIV-1 RT inhibitor that inhibits the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. In contrast, DCK did not significantly affect the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity when poly-rA or poly-rC was used as templates. An E138K mutation in the non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) binding pocket of HIV-1 RT confers resistance to DCK and its chromone derivative, DCP8.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

alpha-Crystallin binding in vitro to lipids from clear human lenses.

The association of alpha-crystallin to lens membranes increases with age and cataract. Lipid compositional changes also occur with age, cataract, and diabetes. In this study we determined the influence of lipid compositional differences on the binding capacity of alpha-crystallin to lipid vesicles in vitro. Lipids were extracted from pools of human lenses from younger (22+/-4 y, n=30) and older (69+/-3 y, n=26) nondiabetic donors as well as from diabetics taking insulin (60+/-9 y, n=26) and diabetics not taking insulin (58+/-9 y, n=20). Diabetics were insulin dependent for an average of 6 years. Extracted lipids were extruded into large unilamellar vesicles. alpha-Crystallin was mixed with the lipid at 36 degrees C, allowed to bind for about 12 h, and centrifuged at 14,000 g. This centrifugal force was low enough to not pellet free alpha-crystallin but high enough to pellet the lipid and bound alpha-crystallin. alpha-Crystallin-lipid binding was characterized by comparing the amount alpha-crystallin in the pellets of samples with and without lipid. Protein was measured using an assay that minimized interference from lipids. Lipid composition was determined by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. The binding capacity of alpha-crystallin to lipids was 12, 19, 8.9, 17 microg bound/mg lipid for lens lipids extracted from younger, older, insulin-treated and nontreated diabetic donors, respectively. The amount of alpha-crystallin in the pellet (bound alpha-crystallin) was significantly lower for the lipids from the younger group of lenses, p=0.033 and insulin-treated group, p=0.006, compared with the older group of lenses. Higher binding capacity was associated with a higher relative amount of sphingolipid and lower relative amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine-related lipid and phosphatidylcholine. The binding capacity of alpha-crystallin to lens lipids, measured in vitro, increases with age and decreases in diabetic donors that were treated with insulin. Our data support the idea that with age and perhaps certain types of diabetes, more alpha-crystallin is bound to the membrane and serves as a condensation point to which other crystallins bind and then become oxidized.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Human herpesvirus 6 activates lytic cycle replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is a gamma-herpesvirus consistently identified in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV infection appears to be necessary, but not be sufficient for development of KS without other co-factors. However, factors that facilitate KSHV to cause KS have not been well defined. Because patients with KS are often immunosuppressed and susceptible to many infectious agents including human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), we investigated the potential of HHV-6 to influence the replication of KSHV. By co-culturing HHV-6-infected T cells with KSHV-latent BCBL-1 cell line, infecting BCBL-1 cells with HHV-6 virions, and generating heterokaryons between HHV-6-infected T cells and BCBL-1 cells, we showed that HHV-6 played a critical role in induction of KSHV replication, as determined by production of lytic phase mRNA transcripts and viral proteins. We confirmed and extended the results by using a luciferase reporter assay in which KSHV ORF50 promoter, the first promoter activated during KSHV replication, drove the luciferase expression. Besides HHV-6, we also found that cytokines such as interferon-gamma partially contributed to induction of KSHV replication in the co-culture system. These findings suggest that HHV-6 may participate in KS pathogenesis by promoting KSHV replication and increasing KSHV viral load.

Cell Cycle↗

PubMed2005

Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus STSV1: virus-host interactions and genomic features.

A virus infecting the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus tengchongensis has been isolated from a field sample from Tengchong, China, and characterized. The virus, denoted STSV1 (Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus 1), has the morphology of a spindle (230 by 107 nm) with a tail of variable length (68 nm on average) at one end and is the largest of the known spindle-shaped viruses. After infecting its host, the virus multiplied rapidly to high titers (>10(10) PFU/ml). Replication of the virus retarded host growth but did not cause lysis of the host cells. STSV1 did not integrate into the host chromosome and existed in a carrier state. The STSV1 DNA was modified in an unusual fashion, presumably by virally encoded modification systems. STSV1 harbors a double-stranded DNA genome of 75,294 bp, which shares no significant sequence similarity to those of fuselloviruses. The viral genome contains a total of 74 open reading frames (ORFs), among which 14 have a putative function. Five ORFs encode viral structural proteins, including a putative coat protein of high abundance. The products of the other nine ORFs are probably involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis, nucleotide metabolism, and DNA modification. The viral genome divides into two nearly equal halves of opposite gene orientation. This observation as well as a GC-skew analysis point to the presence of a putative viral origin of replication in the 1.4-kb intergenic region between ORF1 and ORF74. Both morphological and genomic features identify STSV1 as a novel virus infecting the genus Sulfolobus.

Archaeal Viruses↗

PubMed2005

Effects of simvastatin on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA in neonatal brain with hypoxic-ischemic damage.

The goal of this paper is to report on the study of the mechanism of neural damage in neonatal cerebral cortex and hippocampus when hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) occurs and the neural protective effects of simvastatin. One hundred forty-four 7-day-old SD rats of were randomly divided into four groups, i.e., sham operation group (sham group), normal saline control group (HIBD group), citicoline control group (CDPC group), and simvastatin-treated group. Each group was divided into six time points (0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days after HIBD or sham operation), and each time point included six rats. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA was determined semiquantitively by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the cortex and hippocampus of neonatal rats at different times to determine the differences. The expression of ICAM-1 mRNA rose obviously 12 h after HIBD in the ischemic hemisphere, peaked at 24 h, and then decreased gradually. There was a remarkably lower expression in the CDPC group and simvastatin group compared with the HIBD group at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. At 7 days, there was no significant difference between the simvastatin group and the sham group (P > 0.05), and at 72 h, simvastatin down-regulated the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA in cortex significantly more than did citicoline (P < 0.05). Both simvastatin and CDPC can relieve the damages of the brain in rats with HIBD. The protective mechanisms of simvastatin and citicoline are associated with their regulative effect on ICAM-1, and simvastatin is superior to citicoline.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Human lens phospholipid changes with age and cataract.

PURPOSE: To determine the phospholipid changes responsible for the increase in membrane lipid hydrocarbon chain order, or stiffness, with age and cataract in the human lens. METHODS: Clear human lenses were pooled into four groups, with donors ranging in age from 15 to 29, 30 to 49, 50 to 64, and 65 to 74 years. Whole human cataractous lenses were obtained from donors after extracapsular cataract extraction. Cataractous lenses were grouped into four classifications: mature, mixed cortical and nuclear, immature nuclear sclerotic, mature posterior subcapsular, and mature nuclear. Lipids were extracted and quantified gravimetrically. The relative phospholipid composition was determined by (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: The relative and absolute amount of sphingolipids, including dihydrosphingomyelin and sphingomyelin, increased with age, whereas glycerolipids, including phosphatidylcholine and two phosphatidylethanolamine-related phospholipids, decreased. These changes were exacerbated by the presence of cataract and were substantial, greater than the changes in lipid levels reported in any organ in association with any disease. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in the amount of lipids with age and cataract support the idea that glycerolipids are selectively oxidized over lipids with fewer double bonds, such as sphingolipids. As a result of the elevation of sphingolipid levels with species, age, and cataract, lipid hydrocarbon chain order, or stiffness, increases. Increased membrane stiffness may increase light-scattering, reduce calcium pump activity, alter protein-lipid interactions, and perhaps slow fiber cell elongation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of occupied lesions in cerebellopontine angle area:a report of 78 cases].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: It is difficult to diagnose cerebellopontine angle area tumor because of many sorts and origins of the tumor. This study was to explore magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis of occupied lesions in cerebellopontine angle area. METHODS: MRI records of 78 patients with pathologically confirmed occupied lesions in cerebellopontine angle area were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 78 cases, 48 (61.5%) were unilateral acoustic neuroma, 5(6.4%) were bilateral acoustic neuroma, 12 (15.4%) were meningioma, 4 (5.1%) were trigeminal neuroma, 3 (3.8%) were hemangioblastoma, 3 (3.8%) were lipoma, 2 (2.6%) were melanoma, 1 (1.3%) was medulloblastoma. According to the anatomic site, tumor lesion character, and MRI signal character, the majority of cerebellopontine angle area tumors were diagnosed accurately. CONCLUSION: MRI plays an important role in diagnosis of occupied lesions in cerebellopontine angle area.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Dissociation of SF5CF3 under discharge].

SF5CF3 was identified recently as a potent greenhouse gas with strong radiative force and long atmosphere residential life. Spark discharge method was used to take simulative investigation on the elimination of SF5CF3 from atmosphere under discharge here. The results show that SF5CF3 was dissociated under discharge and formed some compounds containing S, F, O and C. The dissociation of SF5CF3 was reduced if the system existed H2O, but it was independent of the amount of H2O. The rate coefficients were estimated to be 0.011s(-1) under moisture circumstance when the system total pressure was about 31 kPa. And the increase of the system pressure would cause exponential decrease of SF5CF3 dissociation. The reactive mechanism was argued based on the experiment results and the sinks of SF5CF3 under lightning (one of the discharge in the atmosphere) was estimated to be 53.6 kg x a(-1).

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2005

[Interferon-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy for co-infection of hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect and side-effect of interferon-alpha (IFN-a) and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy for Chinese patients with co-infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and to compare them with only HIV infection patients. METHODS: 10 patients with HCV-HIV and 17 patients with only HCV infection received 5 million units of IFNalpha-2b every other day intramuscularly, and 300 mg RBV orally three times a day. Dynamic observations were done for HCV RNA and HIV RNA loads, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts, liver function and blood cell measures, and the side-effects of the medicines. RESULTS: After 12 weeks and 24 weeks of IFNalpha and RBV combination therapy, mean HCV RNA levels reduced 1.14 log (t = 3.843, P < 0.01) and 2.08 log (t =6.564, P < 0.01) from the baseline at week 0 in the HCV-HIV co-infection group, and reduced 1.48 log (t = 6.438, P less than 0.01) and 2.33 log (t = 7.343, P < 0.01) in the HCV infection group. Meanwhile, the HIV RNA levels decreased 1.22 log (t = 3.662, P < 0.01) and 1.73 log (t = 6.119, P < 0.01) from the base line. However, there were no obvious different changes among T lymphocyte counts of HCV-HIV and HCV patients at week 0, week 12 and week 24. All 27 patients showed satisfactory biochemical response to therapy. There were some mild or moderate influenza-like symptoms, intestinal discomfort and decreased blood cell counts in the early stages of the treatments. No neuropsychic and auto-immune disorders were found. CONCLUSIONS: IFNalpha-2b and RBV combination therapy showed similar anti-HCV effects during the 24 week treatment for HCV-HIV and HCV infected patients, and some anti-HIV effect was also observed. No obvious different biochemical responses and side-effects were found between the above two groups.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Clinical analysis of 45 cases of vaginal myomectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility, clinical effect and safety of vaginal myomectomy. METHOD: From January 2002 to April 2004, 45 cases treated by vaginal myomectomy were analyzed as the study group, and 45 cases treated by abdominal myomectomy during the same period in our hospital were selected as the control group. Effects of operation and recovery of two groups were compared. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the mean operating time, blood loss during operation between the study group, (76 +/- 21) minutes, (414 +/- 73) ml and the control group, (72 +/- 26) minutes, (404 +/- 68) ml. In the study group, the mean recovery time of bowel function (18 +/- 9) hours and average postoperative hospital stay (4.8 +/- 0.6) days were shorter than in the control group (31 +/- 8) hours, (7.8 +/- 0.4) days. For two groups menorrhagia were relieved after 6.8 months' follow-up, patients in the study group recovered more rapidly and felt more satisfactory with the effect of operation than patients in the control group. CONCLUSION: Vaginal myomectomy can be performed in selected patients with minimum operative injury, low complications and good short-time effect compared with abdominal myomectomy.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Protection of pigs against Taenia solium cysticercosis using recombinant antigen or in combination with DNA vaccine.

In the present study, we investigated the duration of protection afforded to pigs immunized in two different prime-boost regimens: one is homologus priming and boosting with a protein vaccine, and the other is priming with a DNA vaccine and boosting with the protein vaccine. Groups of pigs that received the same vaccination regimen were then challenged with Taenia solium eggs at 6, 12 or 20 weeks post-immunization (wpi), respectively. The results showed that all vaccinated pigs challenged at 6 or 12 wpi showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the development of cysts. When challenged at 20 wpi, pigs primed with the DNA vaccine (pcDNA3-cC1) followed by two boosters of the protein vaccine (GST-cC1) showed significant (P < 0.05) protection against the challenge of T. solium eggs, whereas pigs receiving three injections of the protein vaccine showed no significant protection compared to non-vaccinated controls (P > 0.05). Antibody isotype assays showed that DNA prime-protein boost regimen induced a predominantly IgG2 response, compared to an IgG1 biased response for the protein prime-protein boost regimen. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from the DNA prime-protein boost group proliferated strongly in response to GST-cC1 protein, and this responsiveness persisted until 20 wpi. Taken together, our data suggest that the use of a prime-boost strategy combining DNA and protein vaccines may be better than protein alone for the longevity of protection against the challenge of T. solium eggs.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The 5-lipoxygenase pathway promotes pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia-dependent aortic aneurysm.

Activation of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway leads to the biosynthesis of proinflammatory leukotriene lipid mediators. Genetic studies have associated 5-LO and its accessory protein, 5-LO-activating protein, with cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction and stroke. Here we show that 5-LO-positive macrophages localize to the adventitia of diseased mouse and human arteries in areas of neoangiogenesis and that these cells constitute a main component of aortic aneurysms induced by an atherogenic diet containing cholate in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. 5-LO deficiency markedly attenuates the formation of these aneurysms and is associated with reduced matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity and diminished plasma macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha; also called CCL3), but only minimally affects the formation of lipid-rich lesions. The leukotriene LTD(4) strongly stimulates expression of MIP-1alpha in macrophages and MIP-2 (also called CXCL2) in endothelial cells. These data link the 5-LO pathway to hyperlipidemia-dependent inflammation of the arterial wall and to pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms through a potential chemokine intermediary route.

5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins↗

PubMed2004

Leukotriene B4 strongly increases monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human monocytes.

OBJECTIVE: Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a product of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, has been implicated in atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms for the atherogenic effect of LTB4 are not well understood. This study is to determine candidate mechanisms. METHOD AND RESULTS: Primary human monocytes were treated with LTB4 and the supernatant was analyzed for cytokine/chemokine production by an immuno-protein array. This analysis revealed a strong increase of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a proinflammatory cytokine. Follow-up analyses with MCP-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (for quantitation of MCP-1 protein) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (for MCP-1 mRNA) demonstrated that LTB4 strongly induced expression of MCP-1 protein and mRNA in a time-dependent and dose-dependent fashion. This induction was effectively abolished by CP-105,696, an antagonist for the LTB4 receptor BLT1. Selective inhibitors of ERK1/2 or JNK MAPK effectively blocked the LTB4-induced MCP-1 production. Furthermore, LTB4 increased NF-[kappa]B DNA binding activity, which was blocked by CP-105,696. CONCLUSIONS: LTB4 strongly induces MCP-1 production in primary human monocytes. This induction is mediated through the BLT1 pathway increasing MCP-1 transcription. Activation of ERK1/2 or JNK MAPK is essential for this induction. The NF-[kappa]B activation may be involved in LTB4-increased MCP-1 expression. The LTB4-induced MCP-1 in human monocytes may play a critical role in the atherogenicity of LTB4.

Benzopyrans↗

PubMed2004

Conformation of gp120 determines the sensitivity of HIV-1 DH012 to the entry inhibitor IC9564.

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 is the key determinant for the anti-HIV-1 entry activity of IC9564. A T198P mutation in the gp120 of the HIV-1 primary isolate, DH012, drastically increases IC9564 sensitivity, which can be reversed by growing the virus in the presence of IC9564. The reversed resistant variants contain a P198S mutation that fully confers the drug-resistant phenotype. Although the amino acid residue at position 198 of gp120 can alter IC9564 sensitivity, results from this study suggest that T198 is not the direct target of the compound. The mutation at position 198 appears to affect the conformation of gp120 and subsequently decreases the accessibility of the drug target. This conformational effect is evidenced by the fact that the T198P mutation significantly increases the neutralizing activity of the conformational antibodies, 1b12 and 48d. On the other hand, the IC9564 escape variant with the P198S mutation is resistant to these conformational antibodies and highly sensitive to the potent neutralizing antiserum, C1206, which recognizes a conformational epitope involving the sequences from V1, V2, and V3 regions in gp120. Thus, results from this study indicate that the conformation of gp120 can be exploited by HIV-1 to escape IC9564.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Cleavage of double-stranded DNA by the intrinsic 3'-5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase B1 from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus at high temperature.

The substrate requirement of the intrinsic 3'-5' exonuclease of DNA polymerase B1 from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 (Sso polB1) was investigated. Sso polB1 degraded both single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA at similar rates in vitro at temperatures of physiological relevance. No difference was found in the cleavage of 3'-recessive, 3'-protruding and blunt-ended DNA duplexes at these temperatures. However, a single-stranded nick in duplex DNA was less readily employed by the enzyme to initiate cleavage than a free 3' end. At lower temperatures, Sso polB1 cleaved ssDNA more efficiently than dsDNA. The strong 3'-5' exonuclease activity of polB1 was inhibited by 50% in the presence of 2 microM dNTPs, but remained measurable at up to 600 microM dNTPs. In view of the strong exonuclease activity of Sso polB1 on matched dsDNA, we suggest that S. solfataricus may have evolved mechanisms to regulate the exonuclease/polymerase ratio of the enzyme, thereby reducing the cost of proofreading at high temperature.

DNA↗

PubMed2004

Cortical activations upon stimulation of the sensorimotor-implicated acupoints.

Sixty-seven healthy right-handed subjects were studied using a 1.5-T MRI. Activations, which were absent during stimulation of the adjacent nonacupoints over the right arm or leg, were consistently seen over the right premotor area during stimulation of the sensorimotor-implicated acupoints over the left arm or leg. The left premotor area was also activated during stimulation of the arm or leg acupoints. The right precentral and postcentral gyri showed activations during stimulation of the arm acupoints. The volume and location of activations vary when different combinations of the arm acupoints were stimulated. Our results indicate the existence of sensorimotor-implicated acupoints as sensitive sites to obtain somatotopic activations over the sensory cortices with co-activation of the motor cortices.

Acupuncture Points↗

PubMed2004

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are FXR ligands and differentially regulate expression of FXR targets.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been previously reported as agonists of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor and antagonists of the liver X receptor. The activities on these two nuclear receptors have been attributed to their beneficial effects such as improvement of dyslipidemia and insulin sensitivity and decrease of hepatic lipogenesis. Here we report that PUFAs are ligands of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor for bile acids. In a conventional FXR binding assay, arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4), docosahexaenoic acid (DA, 22:6), and linolenic acid (LA, 18:3) had an affinity of 2.6, 1.5, and 3.5 microM, respectively. In a cell-free coactivator association assay, AA, DA, and LA decreased FXR agonist-induced FXR activation with IC(50)s ranging from 0.9 to 4.7 microM. In HepG2 cells, PUFAs regulated the expression of two FXR targets, BSEP and kininogen, in an opposite fashion, although both genes were transactivated by FXR. All three PUFAs dose-dependently enhanced FXR agonist-induced BSEP expression but decreased FXR agonist-induced human kininogen mRNA. Saturated fatty acids such as stearic acid (SA, 18:0) and palmitic acid (PA, 16:0) did not bind to FXR and did not change BSEP or kininogen expression. The pattern of BSEP and kininogen regulation by PUFAs is closely similar to that of the guggulsterone, previously reported as a selective bile acid receptor modulator. Our results suggest that PUFAs may belong to the same class of FXR ligands as guggulsterone, and that the selective regulation of FXR targets may contribute to the beneficial effects of PUFAs in lipid metabolism.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗