Efficient protein crystallization.
High-throughput molecular biology and crystallography advances have placed an increasing demand on crystallization, the one remaining bottleneck in macromolecular crystallography. This paper describes three experimental approaches, an incomplete factorial crystallization screen, a high-throughput nanoliter crystallization system, and the use of a neural net to predict crystallization conditions via a small sample (approximately 0.1%) of screening results. The use of these technologies has the potential to reduce time and sample requirements. Initial experimental results indicate that the incomplete factorial design detects initial crystallization conditions not previously discovered using commercial screens. This may be due to the ability of the incomplete factorial screen to sample a broader portion of "crystallization space," using a multidimensional set of components, concentrations, and physical conditions. The incomplete factorial screen is complemented by a neural network program used to model crystallization. This capability is used to help predict new crystallization conditions. An automated, nanoliter crystallization system, with a throughput of up to 400 conditions/h in 40-nl droplets (total volume), accommodates microbatch or traditional "sitting-drop" vapor diffusion experiments. The goal of this research is to develop a fully-automated high-throughput crystallization system that integrates incomplete factorial screen and neural net capabilities.