[Damage to the respiratory system caused by varnishes and paints].
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Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
Biomedical subjects
L Werner
Publications and source records attributed to L Werner.
[Anatomy of the nucleus magnocellularis in the basal forebrain of rodents and rabbits].
1. We have investigated the topographic organization and the extend of the magnocellular nuclei in the basal forebrain in 7 species of rodents and in the hare and the rabbit. 2. These nuclei, extending in rostro-caudal direction and forming a more or less continuous complex, are termed as follows: Nc. tractus diagonalis with pars medialis septi, pars verticalis and pars horizontalis, Nc. praeopticus magnocellularis, Substantia innominata, Nc. basalis Meynert, large cells lying along the lateral, ventral and medial borders of the globus pallidus, within the nucleus ansae lenticularis and the nucleus entopeduncularis. 3. Despite the multiplicity of nomenclature used by several authors for the same or different species, the magnocellular basal forebrain complex is present in all mammalian species investigated up to now. 4. We found that the nucleus medialis septi is not a separate nucleus. As a part of the pars verticalis of the diagonal band it is a subdivision of this nucleus. Indications for this result are: Agreeing positions of the cells among the fibers of the diagonal band of Broca, identical types of neurons in Golgi-preparations, the same efferent projection regions (mainly hippocampus). 5. In most of the rodents the nucleus basalis of Meynert can not be recognized in Nissl-preparations. Large interdigitated, cells as well in the substantia innominata as in the boundaries of the globus pallidus may probably be homologous to those in this nucleus. 6. In the squirrel we observed an accumulation of large cells at the ventral border of the globus pallidus interpreting this as a nuclear formation homologous or analogous to the nucleus basalis of Meynert in primates. 7. The hare and the rabbit form also an accumulation of large cells interpreted as nucleus basalis of Meynert. A dense arrangement already can be seen in the magnocellular praeoptic nucleus. It continuous through the ventral pallidum and the substantia innominata to the ventral border of the globus pallidus. 8. To elucidate the interrelations between the formation of a distinct nucleus basalis of Meynert and the mesencephalization process in the mammalian phylogeny more comparative investigations are necessary.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
[Neuroglia-form cells in the visual cortex of the rat].
Neuroglia-form cells have been examined in visual cortex of the rat in Golgi-Kopsch-preparations. These small neurons with strictly local and dense dendritic and axonal plexuses are present in all cortical layers. Neuroglia-form cells of the rat are identical with the same neuronal types described by previous authors in cortical areas of other species, guinea pig, cat, monkey and in man.
Animals↗
Neurons in the basal forebrain complex of the rat: a Golgi study.
Several types of neurons are coexistent in the basal forebrain nuclear complex of the rat. In the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band 3 classes of neurons occur which are characterized by varicose dendrites. In the horizontal limb of the diagonal band neurons with smooth dendrites and those with varicose dendrites are intermingled. We found 3 classes of neurons in the nucleus preopticus magnocellularis. A giant type with smooth and varicose dendrites occurs in this nucleus, but also in the substantia innominata. In the substantia innominata-nucleus basalis complex 4 classes of neurons with varicose dendrites and 2 classes with spiny dendrites have been observed. Our findings suggest that the nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band forms a unit with the nucleus septi medialis, but is separated from the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band by different neuronal composition. The nucleus preopticus magnocellularis is a separate nuclear structure characterized by a content of neurons different from those in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band and in most components also from the substantia innominata-nucleus basalis complex. There is some evidence that the cholinergic neurons have to be searched among those with varicose dendrites.
Animals↗
Chemiluminescence and oxygen radical generation by Walker carcinosarcoma cells following chemotactic stimulation.
The peptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe stimulates chemotaxis and metastasis in rat Walker carcinosarcoma cells by a receptor-mediated pathway. Since oxygen radical generation follows chemotactic stimulation in leukocytes, we looked for similar responses in the Walker tumor. Upon incubation with 10(-6) M N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, Walker cells elicited chemiluminescence in the presence of 5 X 10(-5) M luminol. The response peaked within 2 min and was maintained for greater than 20 min; it was dose dependent with a 50% maximal effective dose (ED50) value of 4.5 X 10(-8) comparable to the 50% maximal effective dose value for chemotaxis. The responses were significantly reduced but not abolished in the absence of calcium in the external medium and were elicited by the ionophore A23187. The lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid had almost no effect in decreasing the response, while flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor was very effective at 10(-6) M. Evidence for the generation of oxygen radicals included: (a) marked inhibition of light emission in the absence of oxygen; (b) inhibition in the presence of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and mannitol; and (c) dose-dependent reduction of acetylated cytochrome c. We postulate that activation of circulating tumor cells may facilitate metastasis by the release of toxic oxygen species.
Animals↗
Effects of manganese deficiency and dietary composition on rat pancreatic enzyme content.
Recent studies show that manganese (Mn) deficiency increases pancreatic amylase content. Pancreatic adaptation to dietary composition also alters enzyme content. The present study investigated whether Mn deficiency alters pancreatic adaptation to diet. Weanling rats that were fed for 6 wk a high carbohydrate (HC) diet with less than 1 mg Mn/kg diet (Mn deficient) or 40 mg Mn/kg diet (control) were divided into three control and deficient dietary subgroups: 1) HC, 2) high protein (HP) or 3) high fat (HF). Rats were then fed these diets for 10 d. Body weights and food consumption were comparable among the groups. Pancreatic and hepatic Mn contents were significantly lower in Mn-deficient rats than in respective controls. Digestive enzymes adapted to diet in both control and Mn-deficient rats with the greatest amylase, lipase and trypsin activities in HC, HF and HP rats, respectively. Mn deficiency resulted in significantly greater amylase activity in HC and HP groups and lipase activity in only the HF group than in respective controls. These data suggest that Mn participates in the regulation of pancreatic amylase content and in the adaptive response of pancreatic lipase to dietary fat.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
[Morphometric studies of the visual system of the rat following elimination of noradrenergic afferent pathways with 6-hydroxydopamine].
The cell density and the cell size were investigated in the dorsal lateral geniculate body (d lgn) and in the visual cortex (V.C.) of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treated rats and compared with control-rats. Following i. p. administration of 6-OHDA at the first postnatal day no catecholaminergic fibres were present in the d lgn and V.C. on 21st postnatal day. The results of the morphometric investigations have shown an increased cell size and cell density in the medial and caudal part of the d lgn. In the visual cortex cell size is decreased in nearly all laminae. The cell density in the V.C. increased in the laminae II, IV, VIb and c and decreased in the lamina VIa. The possible trophic or regulatory influences of the noradrenergic system on cell size and cell density is discussed.
Animals↗
Modification of cellular immune functions in humans by endurance exercise training during beta-adrenergic blockade with atenolol or propranolol.
Young, healthy, previously inactive men were trained aerobically 40 to 50 min X d-1, 5 d X wk-1 for 15 wk. They were randomly assigned to one of three medication groups: placebo, propranolol (160 mg X d-1), or atenolol (100 mg X d-1). All subjects lost weight and decreased relative body fat as a result of training. Following training, submaximal steady-state heart rates were reduced in all groups. Maximal oxygen uptake and maximal treadmill times were also increased in all groups. The VO2max of the placebo increased 18.4%. While that of the atenolol group increased 19.4%, the propranolol group went up 17.0%. After training the maximal heart rate did not change in the placebo group, while treatment with propranolol and atenolol reduced at 24.6 and 21.9%, respectively. Training caused a significant decrease in the natural killer cell activity in all three groups. The placebo group had 38.8% +/- 3.8 (SD) before and 29.3 +/- 3.2% lysis of target cells by natural killer cells after physical conditioning, which was significantly lower (P less than 0.01). The groups treated with propranolol and atenolol were also similarly decreased. The use of propranolol or atenolol had no additional significant effect on natural killer cell activity. T-cell mitogenesis stimulated with a mitogen significantly increased with conditioning. The groups given atenolol or propranolol tended to increase somewhat more than the placebo group, although this difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant change in the percentage of total lymphocytes isolated due to training or beta-blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
[Classification of neurons in the visual cortex of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). A combined Golgi-Nissl study using deimpregnation technics].
The aim of the investigation is the identification of neuronal types in the visual cortex of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) in Nissl preparations. In two rapid Golgi series (modified by Fairén et al. 1977) and nine Golgi-Kopsch series eleven neuronal types could be classified: 1. Neurons with long axonal main stems: Pyramidal cells (layers II-VI), pyramid-like cells (layers I, VI), spiny stellate cells (layer IV). 2. Neurons with locally distributed axons: large and small aspiny cells (layers II-VI), neuroglioform cells (layers I-VI), large sparsely spiny cells with ascending axons (Martinotti cells) (layers III-VI), small sparsely spiny cells with variable axons (layer IV), bipolar cells (layers II-VI), chandelier cells (layers II, III), double bouquet cells (layers II, III), and 3. a horizontal cell in layer I without an impregnated axon. To identify Nissl stained somata, Golgi impregnated neurons were deimpregnated. Now cytoplasmic and nuclear features can be compared. In order to get a survey about the variability of the somal features, we have deimpregnated 245 neurons on the whole using either gold chloride (Fairén et al. 1977) combined with the rapid Golgi method, modified by Fairén et al. (1977), or a diluted solution of ammonia (Braak and Braak 1982) combined with the Golgi-Kopsch method, nonembedded, in glycerol stored material and in celloidin embedded sections, resp. After deimpregnation several neuronal classes could be distinguished considering at first the width of the cytoplasm and the localization of the nucleus. There are Nissl stained somata with corresponding features: 1. Pyramidal cells, pyramid-like cells, and spiny stellate cells of the layer IV with relatively broad cytoplasm and bright, centrally localized nuclei. 2. Large aspiny cells which vary in somal sizes and shapes with very broad cytoplasm and bright, centrally or excentrally localized nuclei. 3. Small aspiny cells, some of the neuroglioform cells, and small sparsely spiny cells of layer IV have more or less broad cytoplasm but in the most cases excentrally localized nuclei. 4. The remaining neuroglioform cells, bipolar cells, and the horizontal cell of layer I are particularly poor in cytoplasm. The somata of these neuronal types are small, those of the bipolar cells are vertically orientated. 5. Like the bipolar cells large sparsely spiny cells with ascending axons Martinotti cells), chandelier cells, and double bouquet cells are also polarized neurons, but larger and not always vertically oriented.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
[Classification of neurons of the visual cortex of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). A Golgi study].
In the visual cortex of the guinea pig stellate neurons in L IV and neurons with short axons were studied with the Golgi-method. We found spiny multipolar neurons in L IV (stellate cells in L IV), large spinefree neurons (basket cells), spinefree neurons with vertical or horizontal axonal distribution, small neurons with dense local dendritic and axonal plexuses (neurogliaform cells), sparsely spined polarized neurons with ascending axons (Martinotti-cells), small sparsely spined cells in L IV, spinefree bipolar neurons with vertical axons (bipolar cells), neurons with chandelier axons (chandelier cells) and sparsely spined bitufted neurons with dense vertical axonal plexuses (double bouquet cells). The analysis of neurons in the visual cortex of the guinea pig was undertaken to establish their number and distribution. Comparing the neurons of two species of rodentia, the diurnal guinea pig and the night-active rat we could found a higher variability of neurons in the guinea pig and a higher diversity of neuronal structures, which allows a better differentiation of cell types (e.g. double bouquet cells).
Animals↗
[Effect of soldering fumes with special reference to the respiratory tract--review of the literature].
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Gases↗
[Frequency and distribution mode of neurons in area 17 of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). A Nissl study of identified cell bodies].
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Animals↗
[Types of neurons in the visual cortex of the rat, identified in Nissl- and deimpregnated Golgi preparations].
Neuronal types of the rat's visual cortex were identified in Nissl stained and deimpregnated Golgi sections (rapid Golgi method modified by Fairén et al. 1977, Golgi-Bubenaite, Golgi-Kopsch and modified by Braitenberg; deimpregnation after FAIREN et al. 1977 and Braak and Braak 1982, respectively). Cytoplasm and nucleus become visible in deimpregnated neurons and can then be counter-stained with methylene blue or toluidin blue. Somal and nuclear features of Nissl stained and deimpregnated neurons were compared. Provided that these features as well as the specific localization, the relative size and the shape of the soma agree the neurons are identical. We could find that the following neuronal types are identical in Golgi and Nissl stained sections: pyramidal cells of layers II-VI, pyramid-like neurons of layers VI and VII (VIa, b, c) (type C, Werner et al. 1982), multiangular neurons of layer I (type A, Werner et al. 1982), spiny stellate cells of layer IV, sparsely spined neurons with ascending axons (Martinotti cells) (type H, Werner et al. 1982), large and medium-sized spine-free, multipolar neurons (basket cells) (type B, Werner et al. 1982). Bipolar neurons and chandelier cells are identical with neurons poor in cytoplasm (types E, F, G, Werner et al. 1982). Until today two neuronal types could not be identified: type D of L I (Werner et al. 1982) and small, sparsely-spined neurons of layer IV with variable axons (Hedlich and Winkelmann 1982; Hedlich et al. 1984). Characteristics of somata, dendrites and axons of neurons identified in this paper are summarized in table 1. In most cases, these findings confirm earlier suppositions concerning the identity of neuronal types of the rat's visual cortex in Golgi and Nissl stained sections (Werner et al. 1979) and verify the values of their frequency and distribution pattern (Werner et al. 1982).
Animals↗
High dietary vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) and cellular immune functions in mice.
High dietary intakes (4000-650,000 IU/kg diet) of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate, RP) modified the functions of peritoneal macrophages (PM). The number of peritoneal exudated cells (PEC) obtained from CD-1 mice increased significantly at both 7 and 10 weeks after initiation of the RP diets. The percentage of PM in PEC showed no significant difference between dietary groups and was at levels of 55-60%. PM from mice fed high RP diets showed higher tumoricidal activities than PM from controls without any preincubation with macrophage activators. Enhancement of in vitro tumoricidal activity of PM increased with increasing contents of RP in the diets, reaching 30% lysis by PM isolated from mice fed the highest RP (650,000 IU/kg diet) diet. However, the in vitro activation of tumoricidal ability of PM by macrophage-activating factor (MAF) was inversely correlated with the dietary RP content. The tumoricidal activities of PM from mice fed the highest RP diet were not enhanced by MAF. However, these PM showed an increased ability to phagocytose SRBC and opsonized SRBC compared to controls. Splenocytes and thymocytes were incubated with [3H]thymidine immediately after isolation and their mitogenic activities were measured. Splenocytes, but not thymocytes, isolated from mice fed the highest RP diet had increased mitogenesis. On the other hand, NK activity was not affected by dietary RP intake. There was a similar lysis of target cells by both splenocytes and thymocytes from mice fed diets with various RP levels. IL-1 was produced from PM by incubation with LPS, and its production was assessed using the proliferation of normal mice thymocytes. Production of IL-1 in vitro showed about a two-fold increase using cells from mice fed the highest RP diet compared to controls. High RP diets induced increased phagocytic ability and tumoricidal activity of PM but did not enhance NK activity. These findings suggest that high RP diet may cause activation of PM.
Animals↗
[Neuronal organization of the CGLd of Cavia porcellus. A morphometric study of Nissl preparations with reference to identified neuron types].
A morphometric study has been made of the alpha-sector (Giolli and Creel 1973) of the guinea pig's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in Nissl preparations. Golgi-deimpregnation methods (FAIREN et al. 1977, Braak and Braak 1982) made it possible to identify the neuron types as geniculo-cortical relay neurons (GCR-neurons) and interneurons (I-neurons). Thus, density and somal sizes of GCR- and I-neurons and their topographical distribution patterns were determined. The density of the GCR-neurons (3 per measuring volume) is lower than in the albino rat (Wistar strain) (7 per measuring volume). The somal size varies over a wide range and is higher on average (16 hits) than for the albino rat (12 hits). As reported by Brauer and Remmler (person, comm.), the dendrites of GCR-neurons are relatively smooth. Their distal portions show only a small number of spine-like protrusions. Distinct grape-like appendages are visible in the branching zone. In one case an axon initial segment with three varicosities was observed. The number of I-neurons is considerably higher (36%) than in the albino rat (8%). The somata of I-neurons are of different size. More than 52% of the GCR-neurons are of the same size as the I-neurons. According to Brauer and Remmler (person. comm.), the two very long main dendrites were found to be little branched. The alpha-sector is apparently cytoarchitectonically homogeneous. Only after the use of statistical methods is it possible to distinguish between lateral, medial and caudal regions as in the albino rat (Werner et al. 1975), laboratory mouse (Werner et al. 1984a), and cotton rat (Werner et al., 1984b). These differ with regard to the density and somal size of the GCR-neurons and the density of the I-neurons. The densities of the GCR- and I-neurons are highest in the lateral region. In contrast with the albino rat, laboratory mouse, and cotton rat neurons of the guinea pig differ from those of the Wistar rat. The results suggest that the guinea pig's visual specialization differs at least from that of the albino rat.
Animals↗
[The lateral geniculate body of the guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. domestica). Its organization with reference to retinal afferents].
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the guinea pig was studied in order to investigate the existence of an alpha- and beta-sector. On the basis of the fibre arrangement and the cell distribution in its rostral third the LGd can be subdivided into an alpha- and beta-sector. The caudal half of the LGd comprises the alpha-sector only. In contrast to the alpha-sector, in which the cells are densely packed, the beta-sector is rich in fibre bundles and contains a scattering of medium-sized cells. Following unilateral enucleation we observed degenerating fibres in the contralateral beta-sector, too. This confirms the assumption that this sector is a part of the dorsal LGN. Like most of the alpha-sector, the beta-sector receives fibres from the contralateral retina, therefore the two sectors can not be interpreted like laminae. A cytoarchitectonical lamination could not be observed. The ipsilateral input is concentrated in a specific zone of the GdL (dorsomedial) but there is an overlapping with the contralateral input in the alpha-sector. In contrast to rat and mouse were the fibres of the Radiatio thalami are bordering the medial region of LGN the fibre bundles of the Radiatio thalami in the guinea pig and in the rabbit are scattered and pass through the medial part of the LGd. Therefore a beta-sector is formed. Parallel observations are reported from different species of marsupials. More investigations are necessary in order to solve the question whether the alpha- and beta-sectors--firstly described by Rose (1935) in the LGd of the rabbit--in lagomorphs, rodents and marsupials are homologous.
Animals↗
Structural and cytochemical features of perineuronal glial nets in the rat brain.
Perineuronal nets formed by glial cells could be visualized in different regions of the rat brain with Golgi methods. Although mostly their cellular origin was not detectable, in some cases the nets were found to originate from glial cell processes possessing characteristic features of microglia. Using the colloidal iron hydroxide binding method and carbohydrate binding lectins the perineuronal nets were shown to be enriched with anionic carbohydrate components. Some functional aspects of these structures have been discussed.
Animals↗
[Morphometric study of the dorsal lateral geniculo-cortical neurons of Sigmodon hispidus in Nissl preparations].
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Animals↗