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Biomedical subjects

L Tran

Publications and source records attributed to L Tran.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Glucose is arrhythmogenic in the anoxic-reoxygenated embryonic chick heart.

Unlike in adult heart, embryonic myocardium works at low PO2 and depends preferentially on glucose. Therefore, activity of the embryonic heart during anoxia and reoxygenation should be particularly affected by changes in glucose availability. Hearts excised from 4-d-old chick embryos were submitted in vitro to strictly controlled anoxia-reoxygenation transitions at glucose concentrations varying from 0 to 20 mmol/L. Spontaneous and regular heart contractions were detected optically as movements of the ventricle wall and instantaneous heart rate, amplitude of contraction, and velocities of contraction and relaxation were determined. Anoxia induced transient tachycardia and rapidly depressed contractile activity, whereas reoxygenation provoked a temporary and complete cardioplegia (oxygen paradox). In the presence of glucose, atrial rhythm became irregular during anoxia and chaotic-periodic during reoxygenation. The incidence of these arrhythmias depended on duration of anoxia, and no ventricular ectopic beats were observed. Removal of glucose or blockade of glycolysis suppressed arrhythmias. These results show similarities but also differences with respect to the adult heart. Indeed, glucose 1) delayed and anoxic contractile failure, shortened the reoxygenation-induced cardiac arrest, and improved the recovery of contractile activity; 2) attenuated stunning at 20 mmol/L but worsened it at 8 mmol/L; and 3) paradoxically, was arrhythmogenic during anoxia and reoxygenation, especially when present at the physiologic concentration of 8 mmol/L. The last named phenomenon seems to be characteristic of the young embryonic heart, and our findings underscore that fluctuations of glycolytic activity may play a role in the reactivity of the embryonic myocardium to anoxiareoxygenation transitions.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The responses of neurons in subdivisions of the inferior colliculus of cats to tonal, noise and vocal stimuli.

The aim of this study was to gain information from anesthetized cats about the differential coding properties of neurons in the three major subdivisions of the inferior colliculus: the central (CNIC) and external (EN) nuclei and dorsal cortex (DC). Stimuli were presented in the free field from a speaker facing the contralateral pinna. For each unit, the characteristic frequency (CF, where threshold was lowest) was determined, and impulse rates to CF tone bursts, noise bursts and four feline vocal stimuli were measured as a function of increasing sound pressure level (rate/level functions). Peristimulus-time histograms were computed for responses to all stimuli. Sustained firing patterns to CF stimuli were observed for 81% of units in CNIC, for 50% of units in EN and 27% of units in DC. Sustained discharges were evoked by noise in 78-100% of units in all regions, and by at least one vocal stimulus in 86% of units in CNIC, 82% in EN and 55% in DC. In the CNIC, non-monotonic rate/level functions to CF stimuli were more common (41%) than either monotonic or plateau functions, whereas the reverse was the case with noise and vocal stimuli. Non-monotonic functions were uncommon to any stimulus in EN and DC (21-24%). Vocal stimuli were more effective in terms of higher firing rates than noise or CF stimuli in 27% of units in CNIC, 82% in EN and 72% in DC. There were no units that responded exclusively to one vocal stimulus, but a high proportion of units in EN responded strongly to broad band stimuli, and some of these showed clear preferences for one vocal stimulus over others.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Sarcomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Sarcomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses are rare malignancies. Key issues remain unresolved in the management of these tumors, particularly with regard to the role of radiotherapy. To help clarify these issues, 48 consecutive cases of nasal and paranasal sinus sarcomas treated at the University of California, Los Angeles, between 1958 and 1988 were retrospectively reviewed. Six of 16 patients managed initially with surgery alone were cured. All had negative surgical margins and 5 of the 6 had low-grade tumors. Of 5 patients with high-grade lesions treated with surgery only, 1 was rendered free of disease. Twelve patients with positive surgical margins were treated with adjuvant radiotherapy; 5 were cured with this approach. Grade and surgical margin status were found to be significantly related to outcome for sinonasal sarcoma. There were 14 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma; 3 were cured with modern combined-modality therapy. Patients with positive surgical margins should be treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. Surgical therapy is effective for low-grade lesions that are completely excised.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1993

Accumulation of the F plasmid TraJ protein in cpx mutants of Escherichia coli.

We report here studies of the cellular control of F plasmid TraJ protein levels, focusing on the effects of chromosomal cpx mutations. The principal conclusion from our results is that the cpx mutations impair accumulation of the TraJ protein, thereby reducing tra gene expression. We measured TraJ activity in vivo by expression of a traY'-'lacZ fusion gene and TraJ protein by immuno-overlay blot. In strains with normal TraJ levels, traY expression and donor-related functions were reduced in cells carrying any of four cpxA mutations. In the strain background used to isolate cpx mutants, these reductions were especially evident in cells grown to high density, when traY expression and donor activity both increased in cpx+ cells. In each of the four cpxA mutants tested, TraJ levels were lower than in the otherwise isogenic cpxA+ strain. In cells grown to high density, the differences ranged from 4-fold in the cpxA6 strain to > 10-fold in the cpxA2, cpxA5, and cpxA9 strains. The cpxA2 mutation had little or no effect on traY expression or on donor-related functions when TraJ was present in excess of its limiting level in F' or Hfr cells or on a mutant traY promoter whose expression in vivo was independent of TraJ.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed1993

Lymphatic drainage of hypertonic solution from peritoneal cavity of anesthetized and conscious sheep.

Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity may reduce ultrafiltration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We assessed lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep under dialysis conditions by cannulation of the relevant lymphatic vessels and compared lymphatic drainage in anesthetized and conscious animals. Lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the ovine peritoneal cavity. Volumes of a hypertonic dialysis solution (50 ml/kg 4.25% Dianeal) containing 25 microCi 125I-human serum albumin were instilled into the peritoneal cavity, and lymph flows and the appearance of labeled protein in the lymphatic and vascular compartments were monitored for 6 h. Intraperitoneal pressures increased 4-5 cmH2O above resting levels after infusion of dialysate. On the basis of the appearance of tracer in the lymph, drainage of peritoneal fluid into the caudal lymphatic was calculated to be 3.09 +/- 0.69 and 14.14 +/- 2.86 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Drainage of peritoneal fluid into the thoracic duct preparations was calculated to be 1.32 +/- 0.33 and 14.69 +/- 5.73 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Significant radioactivity was found in the bloodstream, and at least a portion of this was likely contributed by the right lymph duct, which was not cannulated in our experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1993

Intraperitoneal carboplatin in advanced ovarian carcinoma.

24 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer, who demonstrated a clinical complete or partial response to the induction of intravenous chemotherapy, underwent implantation of a subcutaneous semipermanent port-and-catheter system (Port-A-Cath) for intraperitoneal chemotherapy, which consisted of carboplatin 300 mg/m2 every 4 weeks. The median survival was 27.4 months for minimal residual disease versus 8 months for bulky disease (p = 0.0054). The median progression-free interval was 15.7 months for minimal residual disease versus 1.8 months for bulky disease (p = 0.008). There were 3 complications (12.5%) related to the catheter: 1 perforation of the large bowel and 2 catheter inflow obstructions. Myelosuppression, especially a grade 3 leucopenia in 5 patients (25%) and a grade 4 thrombopenia in 3 patients (15%), was the dose-limiting toxicity. Even with maximum cytoreductive surgery and second-line intraperitoneal carboplatin-based chemotherapy, the 5-year progression-free survival (4.1%) remains very small.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Quantitation of lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep: comparison of direct cannulation techniques with indirect methods to estimate lymph flow.

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that lymphatics may contribute to ultrafiltration failure in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) by absorbing dialysate and ultrafiltrate from the peritoneal cavity. In most studies lymphatic drainage has been estimated from the disappearance of an instilled tracer from the peritoneal cavity or estimated from the appearance of an intraperitoneally administered tracer in the bloodstream. However, in sheep it is possible to cannulate several of the relevant lymphatics that drain the peritoneal cavity and assess lymph drainage parameters directly. The purpose of this study was to estimate lymph drainage from the peritoneal cavity in sheep using the disappearance of tracer from the cavity and the appearance of intraperitoneally instilled tracer in the bloodstream and to compare these results with those obtained from our previous studies using cannulation techniques. DESIGN: Experiments were performed in anesthetized and nonanesthetized animals. Volumes of 50 mL/kg of Dianeal 4.25% containing 25 microCi of 125I-albumin were infused into the peritoneal cavity. RESULTS: In anesthetized sheep the calculated peritoneal lymph drainage from monitoring the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity over 6 hours was 1.873 +/- 0.364 mL/kg/hour. Monitoring the appearance of tracer in the blood gave significantly lower peritoneal lymph flow rates of 1.094 +/- 0.241 mL/kg/hour. Directly measured lymph flow rates from our earlier publication were lower still and ranged from 0.156 +/- 0.028-0.265 +/- 0.049 mL/hour/kg, depending on how we estimated the right lymph duct contribution to peritoneal drainage, since we could not cannulate this vessel. We repeated these experiments in conscious sheep. The value for lymph flow estimated from the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity was 2.398 +/- 0.617 mL/hour/kg and from the appearance of tracer in the blood, 1.424 +/- 0.113 mL/hour/kg. The lymph flow rates monitored from indwelling lymphatic catheters ranged from 1.021 +/- 0.186-1.523 +/- 0.213 mL/hour/kg (again, depending on our estimates for the right lymph duct). CONCLUSIONS: Lymph flow rates measured from indwelling lymphatic catheters provided the most conservative values for lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity under dialysis conditions. Estimates of lymphatic drainage based on the appearance of tracer in the blood gave values that were on average higher. The method using the disappearance of tracer from the cavity to estimate lymph flows overestimated peritoneal lymph drainage. Fluid was lost from the peritoneal cavity, and the estimated proportion of liquid lost through lymphatic drainage depended on the technique used to measure lymph flow rates.

Absorption↗
PubMed1992

Postoperative radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The role and benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy is unclear. This role was evaluated in 58 patients who, after undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate carcinoma, had local extension of disease beyond the prostate or positive surgical margins. Thirty-nine patients treated surgically alone were compared with 19 patients who received adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy. All patients were followed for at least 5 years, and 50 patients had 10-year follow-ups. RESULTS: At 10 years, the actuarial local failure rate was 31% for patients treated with prostatectomy alone versus 6% for the group receiving postoperative radiation therapy (P less than 0.05). The actuarial survival and metastasis-free survival were similar for both groups. When patients with involved lymph nodes were excluded from analysis, the addition of radiation therapy resulted in improved recurrence-free survival (91% versus 46% at 10 years, P = 0.04) and in a trend toward improved metastasis-free survival (91% versus 55%, P = 0.08). Complications occurred in similar frequencies in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with local disease extension or positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy, adjuvant radiation therapy improved local control and was administered with acceptable side effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Conservation therapy for invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast.

Earlier literature suggests a high incidence of multicentricity and bilaterality, with an overall poor prognosis, in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. Consequently, there is considerable disagreement regarding appropriate local management of this disease. To determine the influence of invasive lobular histologic findings on local tumor control, disease-free survival, and overall survival, the authors reviewed 60 patients with Stage I and II invasive lobular breast carcinoma treated with local tumor excision and radiation therapy between 1981 and 1987 (mean follow-up, 5.5 years; range, 2.5 to 10 years). The 5-year actuarial risk of locoregional recurrence was 5%, with two of three failures occurring in the regional lymphatics. The mean time to locoregional failure was 28 months. The 5-year actuarial disease-free survival (84%) and overall survival (91%) were comparable to those seen in several large series of similarly treated patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. Contralateral breast cancer occurred at a rate of approximately 0.6% per year. This study and a review of the literature suggest that breast conservation, with local resection and radiation therapy, is appropriate therapy for invasive lobular breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Fibrosarcoma of the head and neck. The UCLA experience.

Between 1955 and 1987, twenty-nine patients with the diagnosis of fibrosarcoma of the head and neck were seen at the UCLA Medical Center. Follow-up ranged from 15 to 192 months, with a median of 66 months. Absolute 5-year survival was 62% (13/21). Five of 17 patients treated initially with surgery alone achieved local control and long-term survival. All five had low-grade lesions. Five patients received postoperative radiation therapy because of positive surgical margins. Three were rendered disease free, and all had low-grade lesions. Radiation therapy was used as primary treatment in six patients, four of whom received additional chemotherapy. Of these six, two are disease free with longer than 5-year follow-up. Surgery with and without adjuvant therapy successfully salvaged 42% (5/12) of the patients with local recurrence. Eighty percent (12/15) of the patients with low-grade lesions were ultimately rendered disease free vs only 8% (1/12) of the patients with high-grade histologic features. Seventy-two percent (13/18) of the patients with local recurrence were known to have positive surgical margins. Sixty-eight percent (13/19) of the patients with recurrent disease had high-grade lesions and/or tumor size larger than 5 cm. Tumor grade is the most important prognostic factor followed by tumor size and surgical margin status. Patients with low-grade lesions and adequate surgical margins are treated well with surgery alone. Patients with high-grade lesions or positive surgical margins should receive adjuvant treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Osteogenic sarcoma of the head and neck. The UCLA experience.

Eighteen cases of osteogenic sarcoma of the head and neck were treated at our institution between 1955 and 1987. The patients' ages ranged from 5 to 73 years, with a median age of 28 years. The sex distribution was equal. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 276 months, with a median of 79 months. The primary site of the tumor was the mandible in nine cases, maxilla and paranasal sinuses in six, skull in two, and orbit in one. Six of 18 patients were free of disease with greater than 5 years of follow-up. Four of the six received combined surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy as their primary treatment. Of the five patients treated with surgery alone, four suffered recurrences, one of whom was salvaged with further surgery and chemotherapy. Five patients were treated initially without surgery. They received radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy; all five developed local recurrence. We conclude that osteogenic sarcoma of the head and neck is an aggressive tumor, prone to both local and distant failure. Based on our series and from published experience involving the extremities, osteogenic sarcoma of the head and neck should be managed with multimodality therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Engineering a Bacillus subtilis expression-secretion system with a strain deficient in six extracellular proteases.

We describe the development of an expression-secretion system in Bacillus subtilis to improve the quality and quantity of the secreted foreign proteins. This system consists of a strain (WB600) deficient in six extracellular proteases and a set of sacB-based expression vectors. With the inactivation of all six chromosomal genes encoding neutral protease A, subtilisin, extracellular protease, metalloprotease, bacillopeptidase F, and neutral protease B, WB600 showed only 0.32% of the wild-type extracellular protease activity. No residual protease activity could be detected when WB600 was cultured in the presence of 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. By using TEM beta-lactamase as a model, we showed that WB600 can significantly improve the stability of the secreted enzyme. To further increase the production level we constructed an expression cassette carrying sacY, a sacB-specific regulatory gene. This gene was placed under the control of a strong, constitutively expressed promoter, P43. With this cassette in the expression vector, an 18-fold enhancement in beta-lactamase production was observed. An artificial operon, P43-sacY-degQ, was also constructed. However, only a partial additive enhancement effect (24-fold enhancement) was observed. Although degQ can stimulate the production of beta-lactamase in the system, its ability to increase the residual extracellular protease activity from WB600 limits its application. The use of the P43-sacY cassette and WB600 would be a better combination for producing intact foreign proteins in high yield.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1991

Cloning and expression of a novel protease gene encoding an extracellular neutral protease from Bacillus subtilis.

We have cloned from Bacillus subtilis a novel protease gene (nprB) encoding a neutral protease by using a shotgun cloning approach. The gene product was determined to have a molecular mass of 60 kDa. It has a typical signal peptide-like sequence at the N-terminal region. The expression of nprB can be stimulated by using a B. subtilis strain, WB30, carrying a sacU(h)h mutation. Expression of this protease gene results in production of a 37-kDa protease in the culture medium. The first five amino acid residues from the N terminus of the mature protease were determined to be Ala-Ala-Gly-Thr-Gly. This indicates that the protease is synthesized in a preproenzyme form. The purified protease has a pH optimum of around 6.6, and its activity can be inhibited by EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline (a zinc-specific chelator), and dithiothreitol. It retained 65% of its activity after treatment at 65 degrees C for 20 min. Sequence comparison indicates that the mature form of this protease has 66% homology with the two thermostable neutral proteases from B. thermoproteolyticus and B. stearothermophilus. It also shares 65, 61, and 56% homology with the thermolabile neutral proteases from B. cereus, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. subtilis, respectively. The zinc-binding site and the catalytic residues are all conserved among these proteases. Sequence homology extends into the "propeptide" region. The nprB gene was mapped between metC and glyB and was not required for growth or sporulation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Salivary gland tumors of the oral cavity.

Between 1961 and 1985, 62 patients with malignant salivary gland tumors of the oral cavity underwent surgery with curative intent at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical center. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Fifty of 62 (81%) patients presented with T1-2 primary tumors. The tumors arose from the palate in 41/62 (66%) patients. The most common histologic type was adenoid cystic carcinoma comprising 34 of 62 (55%) cases. Radical resection was performed in 46 cases and wide local excision in 16 patients. Postoperative radiation therapy was used in 24 cases due to advanced stage and/or positive surgical margins. Results of treatment were analyzed by stage of disease, modes of treatment, histology, and surgical extent. Local control of small lesions reached 100% at 10 years with either radical resection alone or local excision. With residual tumor at the surgical margins, the incidence of local recurrence was 4/14 (29%) for those who received adjuvant radiation therapy and 5/10 (50%) for those who did not. The vast majority of mucoepidermoid carcinomas were early stage and low grade. These lesions had an excellent prognosis with a control rate of 100%. In contrast, there was a 29% (10/34) failure rate for adenoid cystic carcinoma. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year actuarial survivals for the whole group were 94%, 84%, and 73%, respectively. Our results indicate that for early stage disease, wide local excision may offer patients the chance to avoid the cosmetically and functionally debilitating effects of radical surgery without compromising treatment outcome. Adjuvant radiation therapy appears to reduce the local recurrence for those with residual tumor at the surgical margins.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Postoperative irradiation for the prevention of heterotopic bone: analysis of different dose schedules and shielding considerations.

Ninety-seven high risk hips were irradiated postoperatively for prevention of heterotopic bone (HTB) in the UCLA Department of Radiation Oncology from 1980 to 1988. Ninety-two hips in 82 patients were eligible for analysis with a minimum follow-up of 2 months and a median follow-up of 10 months. Forty-nine of the hips had porous coated ingrowth prostheses. From 1980 to 1986, 2 Gy fractions were used to deliver 20 Gy (8 hips), 12 Gy (1 hip), and 10 Gy (27 hips). Since December of 1986, 38 hips received 8 Gy in two increments and 18 hips received a single 7 Gy fraction. All porous ingrowth components were shielded with custom blocks. Six out of 92 hips developed clinically significant (Brooker grade 3 or 4 heterotopic bone). There was one clinically significant failure in 78 hips (1.3%) when irradiation was initiated before post-operative day (POD) #6 and shielding was properly placed. One clinical failure occurred in 38 hips which received 8 Gy in two increments. One clinical failure occurred out of the 18 hips treated with 7 Gy in one fraction. This failure could be related to block malposition. There were four clinical failures in the 36 hips treated with 2 Gy fractions to total doses of 10 Gy, 12 Gy, or 20 Gy. Three of these failures were associated with initiation of treatment after POD #5, and the fourth was related to block malposition. Unshielded trochanteric osteotomies resulted in five migrations and seven fibrous unions for a total non-osseous union rate of 12/36 (33%). Shielding of the remaining 28 trochanteric osteotomies resulted in a non-osseous union rate of 7% (0 migrations and 2 fibrous unions). There were no failures of union of components, and the only side effects noted in the series were the five trochanteric migrations. In conclusion, the use of 8 Gy in two increments or 7 Gy in one fraction was found to be as efficacious as conventional 2 Gy fractionation schemes with no increase in side effects. For optimal results, treatment should be implemented prior to POD #5 with shielding of the trochanteric osteotomy. Postoperative irradiation to prevent HTB can be used in hips with porous components using properly placed blocks to shield the porous region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Primary radiation therapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate.

From 1970 to 1986, 45 patients received primary radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Center for the Health Sciences and Wadsworth Veteran's Administration Hospital. Seven patients were lost to follow-up or had prior irradiation, and were excluded. Thirty-eight patients received a median dose of 70 Gy (62.5 to 80 Gy) to the primary site. After a median follow-up of 48 months, initial control of disease at the primary site was accomplished in 74% of the patients. The initial control by stage was as follows: TI, 83%, T2, 67%; and T3, 63%. After surgical salvage, local control increased to 92%, 80% and 75% for stages T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Twenty-nine percent (11 of 38) of the patients had cervical node metastases at presentation. Radiation provided regional control in 96% (26 of 27) with N0 disease and 86% (six of seven) with N1 disease at diagnosis. Sixteen patients (42%) had an additional malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract. Because the incidence of second malignancies after treatment is high and surgical salvage of treatment failures is possible, close follow-up is essential in the management of this tumor. We conclude that radiation therapy is an effective modality for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate. Primary radiation therapy may offer many patients the chance to avoid surgical procedures that are both cosmetically and functionally debilitating without compromosing treatment outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Malignant salivary gland tumors of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. The UCLA experience.

Between 1962 and 1985, 35 patients with malignant salivary gland tumors of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity were treated with curative intent at UCLA. They were staged according to the American Joint Committee (TNM) classification for squamous cell carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses: 27 of 35 (77%) patients presented with T3-4 disease. Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the diagnosis in 24 (68%) patients, while adenocarcinoma accounted for half of the cases involving the ethmoid sinuses and nasal cavity. Eleven patients were treated with surgery alone, 13 with combined surgery and radiation, and 11 with radiation therapy alone. All patients were followed from 40 to 216 months. Analysis by treatment modality revealed a local control of 18% (2 of 11) in the surgery alone group, 62% (8 of 13) in the combined group, and 9% (1 of 11) in the radiation alone group. The group undergoing combined treatment achieved the highest local control rate despite having a higher proportion of patients with advanced stage and residual disease at the surgical margins. In patients with positive surgical margins, the tumor recurred locally in 4 of 6 (67%) unirradiated patients, compared with 3 of 10 (30%) of those undergoing postoperative irradiation. Patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma had poorer results, with only 25% remaining relapse-free, compared with 45% of patients with adenocarcinoma. The 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year actuarial survival for all cases was 73%, 60%, 32%, and 20%, respectively. We conclude that post-operative radiation improves the results of treatment in all patients with malignant salivary gland tumors in this location, compared with the results of surgery alone.

Adenocarcinoma↗