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Biomedical subjects

L Steinberg

Publications and source records attributed to L Steinberg.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Parental monitoring and peer influences on adolescent substance use.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the joint influences of parental monitoring and peer influence on adolescent substance use over time. SUBJECTS: 6500 adolescents attending six high schools in Wisconsin and northern California. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. RESULTS: Parental monitoring was negatively associated with substance use, whereas the more involved an adolescent's peers were in substance use, the more likely he or she also was to use drugs and alcohol. Effects of monitoring and peer coercion were strongest for boys and girls at the transition into substance use, rather than at the transition from experimentation to regular use. The effect of parental monitoring on changes in adolescent substance use is mediated not so much by the nature of the adolescent's peer associates, but by its direct effect on the adolescent. Specifically, poorly monitored adolescents are more likely to use drugs, and drug-using adolescents seek out like-minded friends. Once an adolescent associates with drug-using peers, his or her own substance use approaches their level. CONCLUSIONS: Intervention effects should include both parents and community-level efforts. Parental monitoring is an effective tool both in the prevention of drug use and in the amelioration of drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Parenting practices and peer group affiliation in adolescence.

Social scientists have often assumed that parental influence is sharply curtailed at adolescence because of the rising counterinfluence of peer groups, over which parents have little control. The present study tested a conceptual model that challenged this view by arguing that parents retain a notable but indirect influence over their teenage child's peer associates. Data from a sample of 3,781 high school students (ages 15-19) indicated that specific parenting practices (monitoring, encouragement of achievement, joint decision making) were significantly associated with specific adolescent behaviors (academic achievement, drug use, self-reliance), which in turn were significantly related to membership in common adolescent crowds (jocks, druggies, etc). Findings encourage investigators to assess more carefully parents' role in adolescents' peer group affiliations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Emotional autonomy redux: revisiting Ryan and Lynch.

Ryan and Lynch have suggested that emotional autonomy in adolescence, at least as indexed by Steinberg and Silverberg's Emotional Autonomy Scale, is associated with poor family functioning and might therefore be better conceptualized as detachment. In the present study, we contrast adjustment scores among adolescents who differ in both emotional autonomy and perceptions of support in their relationship with their parents. Several thousand adolescents aged 14 through 18 completed Steinberg and Silverberg's emotional autonomy measure, a measure designed to assess the provision of support in the parent-adolescent relationship, and a number of standardized measures of adjustment. Adolescents high in emotional autonomy but low in relationship support show problematic adjustment profiles, consistent with Ryan and Lynch's interpretation of the measure as an index of detachment. Although adolescents high in both emotional autonomy and relationship support report more internal distress and behavior problems than some adolescents, they score higher on measures of psychosocial development and academic competence than their peers. Emotional autonomy in the context of a supportive adolescent-parent relationship may carry some developmental advantages as well as some deleterious consequences suggested by Ryan and Lynch.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement. An ecological perspective.

Using data collected from a large sample of high school students, the authors challenge three widely held explanations for the superior school performance of Asian-American adolescents, and the inferior performance of African- and Hispanic-American adolescents: group differences in (a) parenting practices, (b) familial values about education, and (c) youngsters' beliefs about the occupational rewards of academic success. They found that White youngsters benefit from the combination of authoritative parenting and peer support for achievement, whereas Hispanic youngsters suffer from a combination of parental authoritarianism and low peer support. Among Asian-American students, peer support for academic excellence offsets the negative consequences of authoritarian parenting. Among African-American youngsters, the absence of peer support for achievement undermines the positive influence of authoritative parenting.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement: authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed.

This article examines the impact of authoritative parenting, parental involvement in schooling, and parental encouragement to succeed on adolescent school achievement in an ethnically and socio-economically heterogeneous sample of approximately 6,400 American 14-18-year-olds. Adolescents reported in 1987 on their parents' general child-rearing practices and on their parents' achievement-specific socialization behaviors. In 1987, and again in 1988, data were collected on several aspects of the adolescents' school performance and school engagement. Authoritative parenting (high acceptance, supervision, and psychological autonomy granting) leads to better adolescent school performance and stronger school engagement. The positive impact of authoritative parenting on adolescent achievement, however, is mediated by the positive effect of authoritativeness on parental involvement in schooling. In addition, nonauthoritativeness attenuates the beneficial impact of parental involvement in schooling on adolescents achievement. Parental involvement is much more likely to promote adolescent school success when it occurs in the context of an authoritative home environment.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: and evolutionary theory of socialization.

The concept of "reproductive strategy" drawn from the field of behavioral ecology is applied to the study of childhood experience and interpersonal development in order to develop an evolutionary theory of socialization. The theory is presented in terms of 2 divergent development pathways considered to promote reproductive success in the contexts in which they have arisen. One is characterized, in childhood, by a stressful rearing environment and the development of insecure attachments to parents and subsequent behavior problems; in adolescence by early pubertal development and precocious sexuality; and, in adulthood, by unstable pair bonds and limited investment in child rearing, whereas the other is characterized by the opposite. The relation between this theory and prevailing theories of socialization, specifically, attachment, social-learning, and discrete-emotions theory, is considered and research consistent with our evolutionary theory is reviewed. Finally, directions for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families.

In order to test Maccoby and Martin's revision of Baumrind's conceptual framework, the families of approximately 4,100 14-18-year-olds were classified into 1 of 4 groups (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful) on the basis of the adolescents' ratings of their parents on 2 dimensions: acceptance/involvement and strictness/supervision. The youngsters were then contrasted along 4 sets of outcomes: psychosocial development, school achievement, internalized distress, and problem behavior. Results indicate that adolescents who characterize their parents as authoritative score highest on measures of psychosocial competence and lowest on measures of psychological and behavioral dysfunction; the reverse is true for adolescents who describe their parents as neglectful. Adolescents whose parents are characterized as authoritarian score reasonably well on measures indexing obedience and conformity to the standards of adults but have relatively poorer self-conceptions than other youngsters. In contrast, adolescents from indulgent homes evidence a strong sense of self-confidence but report a higher frequency of substance abuse and school misconduct and are less engaged in school. The results provide support for Maccoby and Martin's framework and indicate the need to distinguish between two types of "permissive" families: those that are indulgent and those that are neglectful.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Conditioned flavor preferences in young children.

In this experiment 11 children participated in a series of 8 pairs of conditioning trials in order to investigate the hypothesis that children could form conditioned flavor preferences based on caloric density. Unfamiliar drink flavors were used in these trials, and the drinks were either high in caloric density (155 kcal/150 ml) or low (less than 5 kcal/150 ml). Caloric density was altered by the addition of low glucose maltodextrin. Each child always had the same caloric density/flavor pairing throughout the conditioning trials. Each trial pair included one high and one low density preload, followed by ad lib consumption. These conditioning trials substituted for the children's regularly scheduled morning snack four days per week, one trial per day. Conditioning trials were given as a series of two-part snacks, consisting of fixed volumes of initially unfamiliar drinks, followed by the opportunity to eat a variety of foods ad lib. Two measures, obtained before and after conditioning, provided evidence for the formation of conditioned flavor preferences: 1) preference assessments, and 2) two-flavor choice tests. In addition, the ad lib consumption data indicated that the children were responsive to the caloric density manipulation, by consistently eating more following the low than the high density drink. The potential contribution of such acquired flavor preferences to the reduction of neophobia is discussed.

Child Development↗
PubMed1989

Authoritative parenting, psychosocial maturity, and academic success among adolescents.

The over-time relation between 3 aspects of authoritative parenting--acceptance, psychological autonomy, and behavioral control--and school achievement was examined in a sample of 120 10-16-year-olds in order to test the hypothesis that authoritative parenting facilitates, rather than simply accompanies, school success. In addition, the mediating role of youngsters' psychosocial maturity was studied. Results indicate that (1) authoritative parenting facilitates adolescents' academic success, (2) each component of authoritativeness studied makes an independent contribution to achievement, and (3) the positive impact of authoritative parenting on achievement is mediated at least in part through the effects of authoritativeness on the development of a healthy sense of autonomy and, more specifically, a healthy psychological orientation toward work. Adolescents who describe their parents as treating them warmly, democratically, and firmly are more likely than their peers to develop positive attitudes toward, and beliefs about, their achievement, and as a consequence, they are more likely to do better in school.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

The prevalence of urethral catheterization in Maryland nursing homes.

Urinary incontinence is common in the increasing numbers of aged people and is often the precipitating factor for nursing home admission. Recalcitrant incontinence may be managed by urethral catheters. In this study of a random stratified sample of Maryland nursing homes (4259 patients), we found that the daily prevalence of urethral catheter use in Maryland nursing homes was 7.5%. More than 80% of urethral catheter users were women. Among men, we found equal prevalences of urethral and condom catheter use. Previous studies have demonstrated long-term use of urethral catheters to be associated with almost universal bacteriuria of a polymicrobial and dynamic nature. Combining these data suggests that long-term catheter-associated bacteriuria is the most common infection in American health care facilities.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Adolescent smokeless tobacco use: future research needs.

Future research needs in the area of adolescent smokeless tobacco use are addressed, based on the studies reported in this volume covering methodologic issues and substantive directions. In addition, we outline some implications for developing preventive interventions to deter smokeless tobacco use among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

What kind of exposure reduces children's food neophobia? Looking vs. tasting.

To determine the relative effectiveness of two different types of exposure on young children's preference for initially novel foods, 51 two- to five-year-old children received either "look" or "taste" exposures to seven novel fruits. Foods were exposed five, 10 or 15 times, and one food remained novel. Following the exposures, children made two judgments of each of the 21 pairs: one based on looking, the other on tasting the foods. Thurstone Case V scaling solutions were correlated with exposure frequency, and these were significant for the visual judgments of the looked at foods (r = 0.91), the visual judgments of the tasted (and looked at) foods (r = 0.97) and the taste judgments of the tasted foods (r = 0.94). The only non-significant relationship was for the taste judgments of the looked at (but never tasted) foods (r = 0.24). The results indicate that to obtain significant positive changes in preference, experience with the food must include experience in the modality that is relevant for the judgments. While visual experience produced enhanced visual preference judgments, visual experience was not sufficient to produce significantly enhanced taste preferences. This finding is consistent with a "learned safety" interpretation of the exposure effects noted in the taste judgments: experiences with novel tastes that are not followed by negative gastrointestinal consequences can produce enhanced taste preference.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1987

Single parents, stepparents, and the susceptibility of adolescents to antisocial peer pressure.

According to a recent report, adolescents living in single-parent households are more likely to engage in deviant activity than are youngsters living with both natural parents, or in single-parent, extended households, allegedly because the presence of an additional adult provides greater control of youngsters' behavior. In the present study, fifth, sixth, eighth, and ninth graders from 1 of 3 family structures (both natural parents, mother alone, or 1 natural parent and a stepparent) were compared with respect to their susceptibility to peer pressure to engage in deviant activity. All comparisons controlled for sex, age, socioeconomic status, maternal employment, and patterns of family decision making. Youngsters living with both natural parents were less susceptible to pressure from their friends to engage in deviant behavior than youngsters living in other family structures. More important, youngsters growing up in stepfamilies--in the presence of an additional adult--were equally at risk for involvement in deviant behavior as were their peers growing up in single-parent households.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence.

A sample of 865 10-16-year-olds from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds completed a questionnaire battery concerning 3 aspects of autonomy: emotional autonomy in relationship with parents, resistance to peer pressure, and the subjective sense of self-reliance. The observed patterns of relations among the measures cast doubt on the notion that autonomy is a unidimensional trait manifested similarly across a variety of situations. For most boys and girls, the transition from childhood into adolescence is marked more by a trading of dependency on parents for dependency on peers, rather than straightforward and unidimensional growth in autonomy. Moreover, contrary to long-standing notions about the greater salience of autonomy to adolescent males than to females, girls score higher than boys on all 3 measures of autonomy at all age levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Role of a systems consultant during the implementation of a patient care system.

These are just a few examples of areas where systems consultants and nurses can work closely together in designing and implementing a patient care system. Implementation of a patient care system will require careful examination of most nursing policies and procedures. The consultant's depth and range of experience is greatly enhanced by the nurse's understanding of the patient care environment and of day-to-day activities. By adhering to a carefully planned and controlled implementation process, they can combine their skills and strengths to ensure the successful implementation of a new patient care system.

Computers↗
PubMed1981

Cyclic adenosine 3':5-monophosphate receptor proteins in hormone-dependent and -independent rat mammary tumors.

The molecular species of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) receptor proteins (high-affinity-binding proteins) present in hormone-dependent and -independent rat mammary carcinomas were identified and characterized. Three major types of cAMP receptor proteins, with molecular weights of 39,000, 48,000, and 56,000, specifically incorporated the photoaffinity label, 8-azido-cyclic adenosine 3':5'-[32P]monophosphate and were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the tumor cytosols. The M.W. 48,000 and 56,000 receptor proteins appeared to be the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase types I and II, respectively, and the M.W. 39,000 receptor protein was the proteolytic fragment of the M.W. 56,000 receptor protein. The relative amounts of these cAMP receptor proteins varied from one tumor type to another and showed no correlation with respect to the hormone dependency of tumors. Under two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, however, the M.W. 56,000 receptor protein from hormone-dependent tumors migrated as a doublet and shifted to either a more acidic or more basic charge than that of the receptor protein of hormone-dependent tumors. The alteration of the charge of the receptor did not affect the affinity for cAMP binding, because both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumor cytosols exhibited the dissociation constant for cAMP of approximately 10(-8) M. The M.W. 56,000 cAMP receptor protein from hormone-dependent tumors exhibited self-phosphorylation, but that from hormone-independent tumors did not. The diethylaminoethyl cellulose elution profiles of cAMP receptor proteins also differed between hormone-dependent and -independent tumors; cAMP binding activity from hormone-dependent tumors coeluted with cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, whereas most of the cAMP binding activity from hormone-independent tumors eluted at a higher ionic strength than did cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. These results suggest that the charge alteration of cAMP receptor proteins, which appears to occur at a site remote from that of cAMP binding, may be associated with the hormone independency of mammary tumors.

Affinity Labels↗