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L Skoog

Publications and source records attributed to L Skoog.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Fine-needle aspiration cytology and immunocytochemistry of Hodgkin's disease, suppurative type.

We describe 3 cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) of unusual suppurative type, which were diagnosed on fine-needle aspirates. The smears were dominated by neutrophils, macrophages, and cellular debris. Only a few large, atypical cells of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg type were observed. The differential diagnoses of such smears include infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, metastatic lymph node involvement, non-Hodgkin's large-cell anaplastic Ki-1-positive lymphomas, T-cell-rich B-cell lymphomas, and peripheral T-cell lymphomas of mixed type. Immunocytochemistry identified the large atypical cells as CD 30 (BerH2)-positive and negative for CD 45 (LCA) in cytospin material from 2 patients, which allowed a conclusive diagnosis of HD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The clinical use of fine needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis and management of children with neuroblastic tumours.

This study presents the results of fine needle aspiration cytology in a series of 26 consecutive children with neuroblastic tumours. The cytological spectrum varied from undifferentiated small tumour cells to mature ganglion cells in a fibrillar background. In 24 children with neuroblastic tumours at onset the cytological diagnosis was correct in 21 cases, whereas two aspirates yielded nondiagnostic necrotic material and a fibrillar material without tumour cells, respectively. One necrotic lymph node aspirate was initially incorrectly diagnosed as lymphoma, but the diagnosis was later revised to neuroblastoma. Suspected signs of disease progression or relapses were confirmed (n = 9) or ruled out (n = 1) using aspiration cytology. The diagnostic accuracy in the complete series was 97% (31/32) in cases with adequate smears. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the cytological diagnosis in 14 of 15 cases and was decisive in one. Elevated catecholamine metabolites in urine was detected in all children with a cytological diagnosis of neuroblastoma. General anaesthesia was only performed when coincidental invasive investigations (n = 13) were to be carried out or if the aspiration was intrathoracic (n = 6). It is concluded that aspiration cytology in conjunction with immunocytochemistry offers a safe, rapid and accurate diagnostic method which may be useful, together with analyses of catecholamine metabolites in urine, in the clinical management of children with neuroblastic tumours.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1998

Effects of conjugated estrogens, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and tamoxifen on the mammary glands of macaques.

The purpose of this work was to examine the mammary glands of adult, ovariectomized female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a long-term study of the effects of hormone treatments on chronic disease. Treatments included conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), CEE+MPA, and tamoxifen. Doses were scaled from those given women. Treatments were given in the diet for three years, followed by necropsy and tissue collection. Endpoints evaluated included glandular histology, histomorphometry, and immunohistochemical detection of the proliferation marker Ki-67, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) in mammary epithelial cells. Major findings were as follows: CEE induced PR expression and focal to diffuse lobuloalveolar proliferation. Proliferation was increased by the addition of MPA, but was not induced by MPA alone. Tamoxifen induced ER and PR but not Ki-67 expression or glandular hyperplasia. Neoplasms were not seen. These findings indicate that progestogens may exacerbate, not antagonize mammary gland proliferation induced by estrogen replacement therapy, and that tamoxifen has both estrogen agonist and antagonist effects on sex steroid receptor expression in the normal primate breast.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in the diagnosis of recurrent soft tissue sarcoma.

We have used FNA cytology to diagnose suspected local recurrences of soft tissue sarcoma. Since 1991, a total of 95 FNA cytologies were performed on 86 patients. There were 47 local recurrences, of which 44 were diagnosed correctly by FNA cytology; one biopsy was inconclusive, and two lesions were incorrectly assessed as benign. Thirty-nine patients proved to have benign lesions in the scar area examined cytologically on 50 occasions. None of the specimens was regarded as malignant, but in four cases FNA cytology was inconclusive. Overall, there were 5% inconclusive cytological biopsies, 0% falsely malignant and 5% falsely benign. The inconclusive and false-negative cytological diagnoses had no important clinical consequences. FNA biopsy provides a simple means of diagnosing local recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

In vivo induction of the interferon-stimulated protein 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in tumor and peripheral blood cells during IFN-alpha treatment of metastatic melanoma.

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy induces a response in a proportion of patients with metastatic melanoma. However, the mechanism of the antitumor action and reason(s) for resistance to IFN therapy are not known. To investigate whether lack of clinical response may be due to resistance of the melanoma cells to IFN-alpha or to an inability of IFN-alpha to reach the tumor cells during treatment, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro susceptibility of primary tumor cells obtained through fine needle aspiration biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to the induction of the IFN-induced enzyme 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2'5'OAS) during initiation of IFN-alpha therapy in 10 patients with metastatic melanoma. None of the patients showed an objective response to IFN-alpha treatment. The melanoma cells from 2 of the 10 patients were resistant to IFN-induced enhancement of 2'5'OAS in vitro. This correlated well with the in vivo induction of 2'5'OAS in the malignant cells, as no in vivo induction was seen in the 2 patients whose malignant cells were resistant in vitro, whereas tumor cells from 7 of 8 of the remaining patients showed enhancement also in vivo. This study shows that it is possible to monitor the cellular susceptibility of tumor cells to IFN-alpha in vivo and that melanoma cells from a small percentage of patients are resistant to the cellular effects of IFN-alpha. Furthermore, the absence of a clinical response to IFN-alpha therapy in the majority of melanoma patients can be explained neither by impaired cellular susceptibility to IFN nor by an inability of IFN-alpha to reach the tumor.

2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase↗
PubMed1998

17Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in normal breast tissue during the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception.

Our purpose was to assess 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17HSD) type 1 protein expression in normal breast tissue during the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception. We analyzed 17HSD type 1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry during the regular menstrual cycle (n = 12) and hormonal contraception (n = 7) in women undergoing reduction mammoplasty. 17HSD type 1 protein was detected in normal breast epithelial cells throughout the menstrual cycle and in all women using hormonal contraception. Mean 17HSD type 1 staining intensity was higher in alveolar epithelial cells in women using hormonal contraception (2.14) than in untreated women (1.25; P < 0.04). For ducts, this difference approached significance (2.29 vs. 1.41; P = 0.06). There was a negative correlation between serum estradiol (E2) levels and 17HSD type 1 protein expression for both alveolar (r(s) = -0.68; P = 0.004) and ductal (r(s) = -0.75; P = 0.002) breast epithelial cells. Enhanced 17HSD type 1 protein expression might increase the conversion to E2 in normal breast tissue during hormonal contraception. The negative correlation between serum E2 levels and 17HSD type 1 suggests this enzyme to be one of the regulatory mechanisms of intratissue E2 concentration in normal breast tissue.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1997

Proliferation of breast epithelial cells in healthy women during the menstrual cycle.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess proliferation in normal breast epithelial cells from healthy women during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed the proliferation marker Ki-67/MIB-1 by immunocytochemical methods in breast epithelial cells procured through fine needle aspiration biopsy from 47 healthy volunteers. Differences were assessed by Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and correlations were determined by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The proportion of KI-67/MIB-1-positive cells was higher in the luteal phase (2.04%) than in the follicular phase (1.66%). The values in women aged < 35 years were 2.29% and 1.13%, respectively (p = 0.003). In ovulating women with two aspirates during the same menstrual cycle the percentage of proliferating cells increased from the follicular phase (1.3%) to the luteal phase (2.4%) (p < 0.04). Proliferation was positively correlated with serum progesterone levels the day of aspiration (r = 0.34, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The fine needle aspiration biopsy technique is a valuable tool for in vivo studies of cell proliferation in the normal breast. Data clearly suggest a proliferative action of progesterone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Screening for TP53 mutations in patients and tumours from 109 Swedish breast cancer families.

To estimate the prevalence of TP53 mutations in familial breast cancer, constant denaturant gel electrophoresis (CDGE) was used to screen exons 5-8 of the TP53 gene for germline mutations. Genomic DNA from 128 breast cancer patients belonging to 109 families with familial cancer were screened. No germline mutations were found in any of the patients. We also studied TP53 mutations in tumour DNA from 51 of the same individuals and found mutations in 14%. This is similar to what has been reported in sporadic breast cancer.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Quantitative enzyme immunoassay and semiquantitative immunohistochemistry of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in endometriotic tissue and endometrium.

BACKGROUND: The capacity of different tissues to respond to steroids has been evaluated mainly according to the concentrations of oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, which may be assayed either in tissue homogenates or histochemically. These two principles have been used in different studies of endometriotic tissue, giving somewhat different results, probably because the tissue is heterogeneously mixed with fibrotic tissue and blood cells to various degrees. AIMS: To compare a quantitative and a qualitative, semiquantitative immunocytochemical assay for ER and PR in a heterogenous tissue (endometriotic) and a similar but more homogenous tissue (endometrium). METHODS: ER and PR concentrations were measured using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunocytochemistry (ICA) in the same tissue samples (endometriotic tissue from 31 women and endometrium from 19 of the same women). RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between PR concentration (using EIA) and semiquantitation of PR using PRICA in endometrial epithelium (p = 0.028). The correlation between the two techniques for ER concentration was not significant. In endometriotic tissue no correlation was found between the two techniques for ER or PR. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that in heterogeneous tissues like endometriotic tissue different techniques for measuring steroid receptors may produce substantially different results. The two techniques (EIA and ICA) are complementary and a combination of the two techniques might aid in determining optimal treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Regional distribution of proliferating cells and hormone receptors in the mammary gland of surgically postmenopausal macaques.

OBJECTIVE: To define the relative proliferative response and hormone receptors status in ten sites in the mammary gland of surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques given hormone replacement therapy. METHODS: Surgical postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques were given either no treatment (n = 4), conjugated equine estrogens (CEE, n = 4), or combined therapy with CEE and medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 4). The drugs were administered in the diet, at doses equivalent on a caloric basis to 0.625 mg/woman/day for CEE and 2.5 mg/woman/day for medroxyprogesterone acetate. Immunostaining of mammary sections was done for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and the proliferation marker Ki-67 MIB-1 (MIB). Comparisons were made between central and peripheral gland, by quadrant, left versus right, and with respect to distance from the nipple within each quadrant. RESULT: There were no significant differences in hormone receptor or MIB expression within different sites within the gland. CONCLUSIONS: In the surgically postmenopausal, hormone-treated macaque, regional differences in estrogen and progesterone receptors and MIB staining are not apparent. The assumption of homogeneity throughout the gland makes aspiration cytology and multiple biopsy studies feasible in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of estrogen and progesterone receptor enzyme immunoassay in breast cancer cytosol samples--a Swedish multicenter study. Swedish Society of Cancer Study Group.

Estrogen and progesterone receptor analysis results were compared within and between six laboratories in Sweden using frozen breast cancer cytosol samples, and the same technique (enzyme immunoassay, Abbott Laboratories). The concordance in receptor status (positive vs. negative) was excellent (98.4% (571/580)). The discordant results were attributable to values near cut-off (n = 4) or outliers (n = 5), the latter probably being due to analytical errors. One laboratory reported significantly higher ER concentrations than the others; thus caution should be observed when comparing absolute values from different centers. For PgR there were similar differences between the laboratories. However, the intra- and inter-laboratory differences were small compared with the overall variability in ER and PgR content between different samples in a large database. The range of the median intra-laboratory coefficient of variation was 11-23% for ER and 12-19% for PgR, indicating that there is room for improvement in the quality of assay performance.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Subcutaneous metastasis from an ovarian carcinoma disappeared following tamoxifen therapy.

In a 78-year-old woman who had been treated for a breast cancer, a subcutaneous metastasis was diagnosed. This metastasis disappeared following a 3-months' treatment with tamoxifen. Only then was the primary tumour found to be ovarian carcinoma rather than a mammary one. This and other reports indicate that hormonal agents may also be considered as a third line of treatment in ovarian carcinoma.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Hormonal regulation of the normal breast.

The breast is a target organ for reproductive hormones but basic knowledge on hormonal effects is very poor. Available data indicate that the breast is regulated in a specific manner which is distinct from the endometrium and other target organs. It seems clear that the breast undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle and that in vivo there is a direct stimulatory action of progestogens on the breast. In surgically postmenopausal female macaques continuous combined estrogen/progestogen therapy was found to induce greater proliferation than estrogen alone.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effects of hormone replacement therapy on the mammary gland of surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus macaques.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to define the proliferative response and receptor status in the mammary glands of surgically postmenopausal macaques given hormone replacement therapy, equivalent for monkeys to that given women. STUDY DESIGN: Surgically postmenopausal adult female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were given either no treatment (n = 26), conjugated equine estrogens (n = 22), or combined therapy with conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 21). Drugs were administered in the diet, at doses equivalent on a caloric basis to 0.625 mg per woman per day for conjugated equine estrogens and 2.5 mg per woman per day for medroxyprogesterone acetate, for 30 months. Mammary gland proliferation was assessed subjectively and by morphometric and stereologic means. Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor content and proliferation were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In this model combined therapy with conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate induced greater proliferation than did conjugated equine estrogens alone. The percentage of estrogen receptor-positive cells was decreased in the conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate group. The percentage of progesterone receptor-positive cells was increased by treatment with conjugated equine estrogens alone. CONCLUSION: These results indicate a proliferative response of mammary gland epithelium to therapy with conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate in postmenopausal macaques. The clinical implication of this finding may be a greater risk for development of breast neoplasms in women receiving combined hormone replacement therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cytological diagnosis of bone tumours.

We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in a prospective study of 300 patients with previously undiagnosed bone lesions. Patients with suspected local recurrence of a primary bone tumour or a metastatic lesion of a previously diagnosed malignancy were excluded. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed under radiological control as an outpatient procedure. The series was grouped into three major categories: 1) benign bone lesions including infections; 2) primary malignant bone tumours; and 3) metastases including lymphomas and myelomas. We compared the cytological diagnosis with the final diagnosis as assessed by histological examination and/or the clinical and radiological features. Material considered conclusive for cytological diagnosis was obtained from 251 of the 300 patients. Of the 49 failures, there were 24 aspirates with insufficient cellular yield and 25 in which a diagnosis could not be made although the cytological material was adequate in quantity. Most of the inconclusive aspirates (36/49) were obtained from benign bone lesions. The diagnosis was correct in 239 (95%) of the 251 cases providing adequate cytological material. There were eight (3%) falsely benign diagnoses, one (0.3%) falsely malignant, and three cases in which we were unable to differentiate between sarcoma and a metastasis. Chondrosarcoma (2/12) gave the greatest diagnostic difficulty and Ewing's sarcoma the least (0/9). There were no decisive errors of treatment. All falsely benign or malignant diagnoses were questioned, and led to open biopsy since they did not correlate with the clinical and radiological features. Our study suggests that fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a valid option for the diagnosis of bone tumours. It is a simple outpatient procedure which gives sufficient cytological material for the correct diagnosis in 80% of cases. As with histological analysis of material from open biopsy, the cytological assessment must agree with the clinical and radiological findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Diagnosis of lymphoma, leukemia, and metastatic tumor involvement of the cerebrospinal fluid by cytology and immunocytochemistry.

Fifty-five cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 42 patients with suspected meningeal tumor involvement were reviewed. Cytology in conjunction with immunocytochemistry identified 26 CSF specimens as malignant. There were fifteen cases of lymphoma, four cases of leukemia, two cases of carcinoma, and two cases of melanoma. A monoclonal light chain expression was demonstrated in nine out of eleven B cell lymphomas. The three T-cell lymphomas all expressed pan T markers (CD 3) and two the T-helper antigen (CD 4). One patient had meningeal involvement of a true histiocytic lymphoma which was identified by its large atypical cells which were positive for alpha-1-anti-trypsin and muramidase. In four patients with a primary diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, CSF involvement was confirmed by the demonstration of blasts with CD 10 (cALLA) or light chain restriction. Epithelial or melanocytic markers were demonstrated on the tumor cells in CSF from the remaining four patients. In 29 CSF specimens a diagnosis of reactive lymphocytosis was made using cytomorphology which mostly was characterized by macrophages mixed with small mature lymphoid cells. Immunologic evaluation showed that these mature cells were CD 10 negative T-cells and only few specimens contained polyclonal B-cells. The subsequent clinical course of these patients showed no evidence of CNS malignancy. It is concluded that cytology should be used in conjunction with immunocytochemistry to accurately evaluate CSF specimens from patients with possible malignant meningitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Growth fraction in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and reactive lymphadenitis determined by Ki-67 monoclonal antibody in fine-needle aspirates.

The fraction of proliferation cells was analysed in fine needle aspirates from a series of 448 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and 199 reactive hyperplasias using an immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibody Ki-67. There was a good correlation between proliferation fraction and cytologic assignment to high and low grade lymphomas. Thus high grade lymphomas had a high median percentage of Ki-67 positive cells with a figure of 82.1 for lymphoblastic, 60.0 for immunoblastic, and 59.7 for centroblastic lymphomas. For low grade lymphomas the figures were 17.1 and 11.1 percent for centroblastic/centrocytic and CLL/immunocytoma, respectively. The fraction of proliferation cells in reactive lymphadenitis varied between 1-50% with a median of 11.5%. Analysis of Ki-67 positivity can accordingly not be used to differentiate benign from neoplastic proliferations. Within all lymphoma subgroups but lymphoblastic lymphoma, there was a marked variation in fraction of Ki-67 positive cells, which resulted in a certain overlap between high and low grade lymphomas. The results show that cells procured through fine-needle aspiration can be used to analyse the fraction of proliferating cells which contributes information about the growth rate of the individual tumours that can not be obtained through cytologic classification.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗