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Biomedical subjects

L Saarnivaara

Publications and source records attributed to L Saarnivaara.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Comparison of electrocardiographic changes during microlaryngoscopy under balanced anaesthesia induced by althesin or thiopentone.

Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during microlaryngoscopy were studied with three methods of anaesthesia. In two main groups, balanced anaesthesia was induced by Althesin (=Althesin I group) in 98 patients or by thiopentone (=thiopentone group) in 68 patients. In 23 patients, halothane anaesthesia was induced by Althesin (=Althesin II group). During the procedure, the most common ECG changes in all groups were sinus tachycardia (54-78%), junctional rhythm (28-57%), ventricular ectopic beats (12-26%), T-wave changes (9-22%) and supraventricular ectopic beats (7-17%). There was no statistically significant difference in the total number of ECG changes between the groups. There was, however, significantly more sinus tachycardia in the Althesin II group (78%) than in the thiopentone group (54%). Junctional rhythm occurred significantly more often in the Althesin II group (57%) than in the Althesin I group (31%) or in the thiopentone group (28%). Upper junctional rhythm was most common in the Althesin I group, whereas middle junctional rhythm dominated in the Althesin II group. Ischaemic S-T segment depression did not occur in the thiopentone group, whereas in the Althesin I and II groups its incidence ranged from 6 to 13%. In all patients ECG changes disappeared without any special treatment after the manipulation of the vocal cords. The results suggest that there is no decisive difference in the occurrence of ECG changes between the three methods of anaesthesia.

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture↗
PubMed1980

Role of halothane in QT-time prolongation and dysrhythmias during microlaryngoscopy.

To study the mechanism of dysrhythmias during microlaryngoscopy, heart rate-corrected QT-times (QTc) were measured in three different methods of anaesthesia. A balanced anaesthesia was induced by Althesin in 96 patients, or by thiopentone in 68 patients. Halothane anaesthesia was induced by Althesin in 23 patients. In all groups the mean QTc-time was significantly longer during the manipulation of vocal cords than before the induction of anaesthesia. Dysrhythmias are also most common during the procedure. With the Althesin-halothane combination, however, the prolongation of QTc-time was most pronounced: Control X +/- SE 408.4 +/- 5.5 msec, manipulation 432.3 +/- 6.7 msec, p less than 0.001. Among those patients who had dysrhythmias during the procedure, only the patients in the Althesin-halothane group had significantly longer QTc-time than before anaesthesia. In patients with supra-ventricular dysrhythmias, differences of QTc-time did not reach significant level. Significant prolongation of QTc-time occurred in patients with ventricular ectopic beats (p less than 0.05) and junctional rhythm (p less than 0.02) but only in the Althesin-halothane group.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of I.M. pethidine, diazepam and flunitrazepam as premedicants in children undergoing otolaryngological surgery.

Pethidine 1 mg kg-1, diazepam 0.25 mg kg-1 and flunitrazepam 0.02 mg kg-1 i.m. wer compared as premedicants in a double-blind study in 145 children undergoing otolaryngological surgery. Both flunitrazepam and pethidine had an anxiolytic effect in the children of less than 5 yr whereas diazepam had little effect. All of the drugs were anxiolytic in the children aged 5 yr and older. Sleep following thiopentone was restless more often in the younger than in the older children. Cardiovascular responses to thiopentone and to tracheal intubation were most obvious following benzodiazepines in children of less than 5 yr. After anaesthesia 10--33% of the older children could not recall pictures shown to them before anaesthesia. Forty-five (+/-SD 13) min after injection, the concentration of diazepam in serum was similar in both age groups; after 90 min it decreased in the younger and increased in the older children. All concentrations of flunitrazepam were significantly greater in the older compared with the younger children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Effect of age on amnesia and sedation induced by flunitrazepam during local anaesthesia for bronchoscopy.

Bronchoscopy was undertaken in 79 outpatients using local anaesthesia plus an i.v. injection of flunitrazepam 0.01 mg kg-1. The co-operation of the patients and the ease of bronchoscopy were good regardless of the age of the patient. There was an increase in amnesia for the bronchoscopy with increasing age, but the most distinct difference between different age groups was that the amnesic action of flunitrazepam was evident earlier and persisted longer in patients of more than 60 yr. Eye co-ordination and ability to stand steadily and walk on a line returned to normal more slowly in patients more than 60 than in those less than 60 yr, but no differences in recovery were noted between patients less than 40 and those of 40--59 yr, or between those 60--69 and those more than 70 yr.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of diazepam and flunitrazepam for sedation during local anaesthesia for bronchoscopy.

Diazepam and flunitrazepam were compared as amnesic and sedative adjuncts to local anaesthesia for diagnostic bronchoscopy in 92 patients. After local anaesthesia of the pharynx, larynx and trachea with lignocaine, atropine plus diazepam of flunitrazepam was injected i.v. The co-operation of the patients and the technical circumstances under which the bronchoscopy was performed were good in each group. None of the treatments significantly modified arterial pressure or heart rate. Two hours after the injection, flunitrazepam 0.01 mg kg-1 more frequently caused amnesia for pictures shown to the patients during the first 15 min after injection (failure to recall 42--75%, and for bronchoscopy 67%), than did diazepam 0.125 mg kg-1 (failure to recall 21--67%; bronchoscopy 38%). Double doses of the drugs caused amnesic actions similar to those of flunitrazepam 0.01 mg kg-1. When failure to recall was assessed on the following day, 29% and 5% of the patients remembered bronchoscopy after flunitrazepam 0.01 and 0.02 mg kg-1 respectively; after diazepam 0.125 and 0.25 mg kg-1 the corresponding percentages was 59% and 30% (P less than 0.05% v. fluintrazepam). The ability to stand and walk on a stright line was similar after the smaller doses of both drugs, but after the larger doses recovery was slower after flunitrazepam. Psychomotor performance was still distinctly impaired 2 h after the injection of the larger doses.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of thiopentone, Althesin and ketamine in anaesthesia for otolaryngological surgery in children.

Thiopentone 4 mg/kg, Althesin 0.055 ml/kg and ketamine 2 mg/kg were compared in 157 children undergoing minor otolaryngological surgery, mostly adenotonsillectomy. Premedication was with pethidine and atropine and anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide in oxygen and halothane. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with suxamethonium. In each group half of the children received pethidine 0.7 mg/kg after intubation and the remainder received saline. Ketamine increased arterial pressure after induction. The cardiovascular responses to intubation were more obvious after thiopentone and Althesin than after ketamine. Operating conditions, cardiovascular changes during operation and the course of extubation were similar in all groups. The recovery after ketamine was longer than after thiopentone and Althesin. Thiopentone was associated with significantly less vomiting immediately after operation than was Althesin and ketamine. In the period immediately after operation Althesin was associated with a higher need for analgesics compared with thiopentone and ketamine. Pethidine prolonged the recovery after thiopentone, decreased the incidence of vomiting immediately after operation associated with Althesin and increased that associated with ketamine.

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of electrocardiographic changes during microlaryngoscopy under halothane anaesthesia induced by althesin or thiopentone.

The incidences of electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during microlaryngoscopy under halothane anaesthesia were compared by using Althesin and thiopentone as induction agents. During the procedure the most common ECG change in both groups was junctional rhythm, which occurred in 37% of the patients in the Althesin group and in 29% of the patients in the thiopentone group. The next most common changes in the Althesin group were: ventricular ectopic beats (22%), ischaemic S-T segment depression (14%), and T wave flattening or inversion (14%); those in the thiopentone group were ventricular ectopic beats (18%) and rapidly ascending S-T segment depression (12%). As well as during the procedures, some ECG changes were registered in both groups during intubation. ECG changes disappeared without any special treatment after manipulation of the vocal cords or after intubation. There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of dysrhythmias between the Althesin and thiopentone groups, but the types of dysrhythmias were different in the two groups. There were more lower nodal rhythms, less serious ectopic beats and more ischaemic S-T segment depression in the Althesin group than in the thiopentone group. The results suggest that Althesin is useful and superior to thiopentone in patients with a tendency to develop serious ventricular ectopic beats, whereas in patients with heart and coronary arterial disease, Althesin is inferior to thiopentone and should be used with care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of the haemostatic and cardiovascular effects of adrenaline and ornithine-8-vasopressin (POR 8) in middle ear operations.

The local haemostatic and cardiovascular effects of ornithine-8-vasopressin (POR 8) 5.5 IU and adrenaline 350 microng were compared in middle ear operations in combined and methoxyflurane anaesthesia. The study was double-blind. Adrenaline had statistically significantly better haemostatic properties than POR 8 and the method of anaesthesia did not affect the difference between adrenaline and POR 8. With both methods of anaesthesia adrenaline increased systolic arterial pressure and pulse rate, and transiently increased and then decreased diastolic arterial pressure. In contrast to adrenaline, POR 8 markedly increased diastolic arterial pressure and decreased pulse rate. All the parameters studied, the vasoconstrictors, the methods of anaesthesia as well as the times of measuring statistically significantly affected the changes both in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures. Only the methods of anaesthesia markedly affected the changes in the pulse rate. Transient electrocardiographic changes occurred from 6% to 17% in different groups.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1976

Effect of lithium and rubidium on the sleeping time caused by various intravenous anaesthetics in the mouse.

The effects of acute and long-term lithium (LiCl) and rubidium chloride (RbCl) treatments on the sleeping time caused by intravenous thipentone, methohexitone, ketamine, propanidid. Althesin and diazepam were studied in white mice. The doses of the anasthetic agents were selected from the dose-response experiments. When given acutely, LiCl 5 m-equiv/kg prolonged significantly the sleeping time caused by both of the barbiturates, whereas RbCl given for 21 days in tap water shortened the sleeping time induced by methohexitone and ketamine. Both LiCl and RbCl, given acutely, enhanced the sleeping time caused by diazepam. The rectal temperatures were lower in the LiCl-treated mice than in the control and RbCl-treated mice.

Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture↗
PubMed1976

Effect of ketamine anaesthesia on the content of monoamines and their metabolites in the rat brain.

The effects of ketamine anaesthesia (100 mg/kg i.p.) on the content of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were studied in male Wistar rats. Fifteen min after ketamine injection, when the rats were deeply anaesthetized, the 5HT content in many brain regions tended to be increased. An opposite tendency was found in the brain 5HIAA content. In rats treated with probenecid, which markedly lengthened ketamine anaesthesia, the accumulation of 5HIAA was significantly reduced by ketamine. In addition to ketamine anaesthesia, probenecid was found to lengthen thiopental anaesthesia. One hour after the ketamine administration, when the rats were no longer anaesthetized but were excited, the brain NA concentration was increased by 17% (P less than 0.02). The brain DA content was unchanged, but at 15 min and 1 hour after ketamine administration the striatal HVA content was increased by about 55% (P less than 0.05), suggesting an increased turnover of DA. The results suggest that during recovery from ketamine anaesthesia the increased NA content and the increased DA turnover may be associated with the postanaesthetic excitement of the rat, whereas the decreasamine anaesthesia.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1976

Effects of lithium and rubidium on antinociception and behaviour in mice. I. Studies on narcotic analgesics and antagonists.

The effects of acute and chronic LiCl and RbCl treatments on the antinociception caused by morphine, pethidine, methadone, pentazocine, nalorphine or naloxone were studied in mice using the hot plate and phenylquinone writhing tests. In both tests morphine, pethidine, and methadone caused significant antinociception whereas the antagonistic drugs were almost inactive. In the hot plate test both the 21 day administration of LiCl and the 5 and 21 day administration of RbCl decreased the antinociceptive effect of morphine. The 5 day administration of LiCl increased the antinociceptive effect of pethidine whereas the acute and 5 day administrations of RbCl abolished it. There were no significant or consistent interactions of the ions with the antinociceptive effect of methadone or the antagonistic drugs. In the phenylquinone writhing test the effects of the ions were inconsistent. Especially in the acute experiments where LiCl and RbCl had some effects on the behaviour of the mice treated with the analgesics, LiCl mostly impaired motor coordination and motor activity whereas RbCl was inactive or had opposite effects. LiCl enhanced the decrease in rectal temperature whereas RbCl was mostly inactive.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1976

Effects of lithium and rubidium on antinociception and behaviour in mice. II. Studies on three tricyclic antidepressants and pimozide.

The effects of LiCl and RbCl on the antinociception caused by three antidepressants and pimozide were studied in mice. On the hot plate LiCl given acutely or chronically did not modify the antinociception of any drug although it augmented hypothermia induced by chlorimipramine and occasionally also that caused by desipramine and doxepine, and also caused definitive changes in motor abilities. RbCl given acutely (2.5 mEq/kg) or for 5 or 21 days in tap water (1 g/liter) abolished the antinociception caused by pimozide and when given acutely or for 5 days that of desipramine. In the phenylquinone writhing test LiCl when given for 21 days enhanced the nearly complete antinociception caused by chlorimipramine, doxepine and pimozide. These effects of ions did not seem to be related to changes in body temperature, motor coordination nor motility.

Animals↗