Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

L Reid

Publications and source records attributed to L Reid.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

[Cor pulmonale].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

New findings in pulmonary arteries of rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.

Rats have been kept in a hypobaric chamber, and thus hypoxic, for up to 28 days in order to study the structural changes in the pulmonary arteries during the development of pulmonary hypertension. Rats were studied after 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days at a pressure of 380 mmHg. Right ventricular hypertrophy was demonstrated after 5 days in the hypoxic environment but increased up to 10 days. After pulmonary arterial injection microscopic counts of small arteries showed that vessels up to 200 mum external diameter were gradually "lost", reducing the ratio of arterial to alveolar number significantly by 14 days. No vestiges of these vessels were found with light microscopy. At the same time a gradual increase in arterial wall thickness was demonstrated and also progressive extension of muscle into smaller and more peripheral vessels than normal. In both these features maximum increase was reached by 14 days of exposure though changes were apparent after only 3. Similar changes have been found in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis using the same measuring techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Visceral cartilage.

Visceral cartilage is found in the airways and appendages of the respiratory tract. It has a characteristic arrangement at various airway levels. Cartilage maintains the large airways patent and since muscle attachment is in part to cartilage, its arrangement influences the effect of muscle contraction. Bronchi are defined as the airways proximal to the last plate of cartilage. The intra-uterine development of cartilage, its distribution in the adult, change in disease and the bronchial arterial supply of large airways are considered.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1975

Histochemical identification of glycoproteins in pig bronchial epithelium: (a) normal and (b) hypertrophied from enzootic pneumonia.

The glycoproteins in the normal pig bronchial gland are identified by the combined Alcian Blue (AB)-periodic acid Schiff (PAS) technique, with the use of sialidase digestion and AB staining either at pH 2-6 or at pH 1-0. In enzootic pneumonia (produced experimentally by infection with Mycoplasma hyorhinis) the bronchial gland hypertrophies, mucous and serous cells both increase, in number and size; hence the total glycoprotein content of the gland increases. The distribution of glycoproteins in the hypertrophied gland differs from that in the normal. Quantitative analysis of the mucous cells shows that in the hypertrophied gland the acid glycoprotein is increased relative to the neutral. There is also a relative change in the amounts of sialidase-sensitive sialomucin and sulphomucin; both are significantly increased at the expense of the sialidase-resistant sialomucin. Qualitative analysis of the serous cells shows that in the normal gland most of the glycoprotein is neutral and that the small amount of acid glycoprotein is sialidase-resistant sialomucin. In the hypertrophied gland there is relatively more acid glycoprotein which is either sialidase-resistant sialomucin or sulphomucin; in addition, in pigs with enzootic pneumonia there is an increase in the height of the bronchial epithelium and a depletion in both goblet cell number and glycoprotein content, which latter has more neutral glycoprotein and less acid glycoprotein.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

In vitro incorporation of (3H)threonine and (3H)glucose by the mucous and serous cells of the human bronchial submucosal gland. A quantitative electron microscope study.

Incorporation of [3H]threonine and [3H]glucose by the mucous and serous cells of the human bronchial submucosal gland has been studied over 8 h using, for the first time in vitro pulse labeling and electron microscope autoradiography. In assessing the autoradiographs, two methods were compared, the circle analysis and the recently described hypothetical grain analysis. Preliminary studies showed formaldehyde to be the most suitable fixative. Chemical analysis of tissue revealed that [3H]threonine was incorporated into the polypeptide moiety of the bronchial gland product and that metabolites of [3H]-glucose were incorporated into the carbohydrate. Tritiated threonine was first localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of both mucous and serous cells and later migrated to the Golgi apparatus, while metabolites of [3H]glucose localized first mainly in the Golgi apparatus. From here, both radioactive precursors were next identified in vacuoles and, finally, in secretory granules. The mucous cell incorporated strikingly more of both radioactive precursors than the serous cell. Thus, it seems that oligosaccharides of mucous and serous cell glycoproteins are synthesized mainly in the Golgi apparatus and added there to the polypeptide core which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The relationship of the mucous cell to the serous cell is discussed. It seems that under "normal" conditions each cell represents a different line but that injury may transform a serous cell into a mucous cell.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1975

Quantitative structural analysis of pulmonary vessels in isolated ventricular septal defect in infancy.

Structural changes in the pulmonary circulation were studied in the lungs of 5 infants dying with ventricular septal defect. Applying precise quantitative morphological techniques to the pulmonary vessels, it was possible to correlate pathological change with clinical and haemodynamic findings, and to identify two patterns of response. Three of the infants (group I) ppresnted in cardiac failure with a large pulmonary blood flow, dilated and tortuous pulmonary arteries, and fewer intra-acinar vessels than normal. Medial hypertrophy was moderate and affected chiefly the larger arteries, i.e. those with a diameter greater than 200 mum. The other 2 infants (group 2) had a high pulmonary vascular resistance with an intermittent right-to-left shunt. The pulmonary arteries were of normal size and the reduction in the number of the arteries was less striking. Medial hypertrophy was greater than in the first group and affected all sizes of artery including those less than 200 mum in diameter. In both groups, muscle extended further along the axial pathway. Muscular hypertrophy was found also in the vein wall in most cases and, as with the arteries, was more severe in those with a higher pulmonary vascular resistance. The findings illustrate the variation in pulmonary vascular response in infants with a ventricular septal defect. It is suggested that in patients with a ventricular septal defect, arterial muscularity usually regresses after birth and a left-to-right shunt develops; secondary hypertrophy of the media then develops in reaponse to the shunt. Our findings also suggest, however, that in some infants arterial muscle fails to regress postnatally so that pulmonary blood flow is never high and a right-to-left shunt develops soon after birth.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1975

Bronchorrhoea in a case of alveolar cell carcinoma.

In a case of bronchorrhoea associated with alveolar cell carcinoma thf rheological and chemical features of the sputum indicated that it was bronchial fluid and not saliva and part bronchial secretion, partly serum transudate. The viscosity and chemical constituents were similar to those found in bronchorrhoea when associated with chronic bronchitis, asthma, or bronchiectasis. The surfactant studies suggested an alveolar origin for most of thf fluid, while the failure of fluid restriction, corticosteroids, atropine, or cytotoxic drugs to influence the sputum volume and properties indicated that the cells responsible are "autonomous".

Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar↗
PubMed1975

The pulmonary circulation in cystic fibrosis.

The hearts and lungs of 36 patients dying of cystic fibrosis have been studied to establish the relationship between right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), pathological changes in the pulmonary circulation, and the clinical features. The presence and degree of RVH were measured by Fulton's technique of weighing the ventricles separately. Of the subjects who died after the age of 3 years, one in six had no RVH, although the mean age of this group was not significantly different from that of the remainder. There was no correlation between duration of cyanosis, haemoglobin levels, and RVH. Although not statistically significant, the cases without RVH tended to have had clubbing of the finger-nails for longer periods before death. The electrocardiogram was useful in the diagnosis of RVH. Right ventricular hypertrophy was common in children with lungs of large volume as judged by the radiographic centile of lung length. Cases with RVH show reduced background haze in the arteriogram and fewer arteries per unit area of lung. For the first time thickening of the medial muscle layer proportional to the degree of RVH has been demonstrated, only in the smaller arteries. Arterial subintimal fibrosis is more common in cases with RVH, as is thickening of the walls of small pulmonary veins. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Effect of atropine on sputum production.

The effect of atropine on sputum production has been studied in patients with asthama, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis in some of whom there was bronchorrhoea. In three patients a reduction in sputum volume was observed after atropine but it would seem that the decrease was mainly due to the inhibitory effect on salivary secretion which facilitates spitting. The one patient treated with long-term oral atropine showed a marked reduction in sputum volume although chemical constituents and viscosity levels remained unchanged, suggesting that in this case atropine had an inhibitory effect on bronchial gland secretion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Bronchorrhoea.

Bronchorrohea has been defined as a condition in which more than 100 ml of sputum is produced within 24 hours, an amount in excess of that seen in chronic lung diseases. The rheological and chemical characteristics of the sputum are here described. Levels of viscosity, dry weight, N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA), fucose, and sulphate fall between those in saliva and mucoid sputum from chronic lung diseases. These levels were always higher in bronchorrhoea sputum than in saliva and therefore may be used in the differential diagnosis of bronchorrhoea and hypersalivation. Bronchorrhoea sputum has the constituents of a bronchial secretion but is low in acid glycoprotein. Certain other features are commonly found - a large amount of froth, increase in viscosity with time, and separation into two phases. Some cases respond to steroids, particularly when the levels of NANA in the sputum are low.

Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar↗
PubMed1975

The effect of in utero decapitation on the morphological and physiological development of the fetal rabbit lung.

A study has been made of the consequences of in utero decapitation on the morphological and physiological development of the fetal lung. Fetal rabbits were decapitated in situ at 22 days, without losing any amniotic fluid, and allowed to continue their development with their undamaged littermates as controls. Such decapitation, of course, removes the pituitary and so interferes with adrenal cortical development. Morphological studies showed an interference with lung development in that, although the number of alveolar saccules increased normally, their walls failed to thin. In the decapitated fetuses, a reduction in the number of lamellated bodies per Type II pneumonocyte was found at each age studied; while dense, homogeneous bodies were more numerous. The normal disappearance of glycogen in the Type II pneumonocytes of the decapitated fetuses was retarded. Physiological studies supported these findings. In control fetuses allowed to breathe for a while the Bubble Stability Ratio increased rapidly from day 26 to reach a maximum at 28 days; whereas, in the decapitated ones, bubble stability was not apparent before day 28 and by the 29th day had reached a maximum which was lower than that of the controls. In the control fetuses, lecithin was detected in lung fluid from 26 days on, and in stomach fluid from 29 days. It is argued that lung development must be, at least in part, under the control of the fetus' own pituitary-adrenal axis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

New observations of rat airway epithelium: a quantitative and electron microscopic study.

Epithelial thickness, depth of the ciliary layer and concentration of cells has been estimated at 5 levels of the rat airway (3 extrapulmonary and 2 intrapulmonary) and the ultrastructure of the cells described. Extrapulmonary airways have a pseudostratified epithelium, intrapulmonary airways a simple one. The epithelium thins progressively from upper to lower trachea while the epithelium of the lower trachea is thicker than at more peripheral airway levels, all of which are similar. The depth of the ciliary layer decreases peripherally. By electron microscopy 10 cell types could be identified - 8 epithelial and 2 'migratory'. A cell type not described previously has been found that resembles the serous cells of the submucosal glands. The salient features of each cell type are described. The upper trachea has a concentration of cells significantly higher than elsewhere, while the remaining four airway levels have about 230 cells per 10 high power fields (1-8 mm length epithelium). Ciliated cells are sparse proximally and increase in number progressively toward the periphery, while basal and migratory cells are most frequent proximally. At all levels of the airway, between 40% and 50% of cells are non-ciliated. In the upper trachea the most frequent cell type was the 'intermediate', elsewhere the 'epithelial serous' cell. Goblet cells were few at all levels, amounting to less than 1% of the total counted. The Clara cell was not restricted to the terminal bronchioles but was found as far proximally as the hilum.

Animals↗