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Biomedical subjects

L R Shapiro

Publications and source records attributed to L R Shapiro.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Fetal gastric pseudomasses.

Discrete echogenic areas of 4-12 mm were observed in the fetal stomach on seven prenatal sonograms. The finding was incidental and solitary during the second trimester in six normal pregnancies. It was noted during the third trimester in a case of meconium peritonitis. These echogenic areas displayed a homogeneous texture. They disappeared on repeat prenatal examination in six patients who did not reveal any gastrointestinal symptoms on postnatal follow-up. Although their origin is not certain, these fetal gastric pseudomasses should be interpreted cautiously.

Diagnostic Errors↗
PubMed1986

Early growth predicts timing of puberty in boys: results of a 14-year nutrition and growth study.

Diet and growth were studied prospectively in 78 boys ages 6 months to 14 years. All boys were well nourished and not grossly obese. Pubertal development was evaluated at age 14 years, and the results correlated with diet and early growth. No nutrients were significantly correlated with the stage of pubertal development. Boys with more advanced pubic hair development (Tanner greater than 3) and longer penile length (greater than or equal to 10 cm) had been significantly heavier at ages 6 months, 2 years, and 4 years (all P less than 0.025). Muscle mass, as estimated by the cross-sectional muscle area of the upper arm, had been significantly greater in the early maturers at the same ages (P less than 0.025 in seven of nine comparisons). Although the more sexually mature boys also had been taller and had had larger skinfolds at virtually all measurements from age 6 months to 4 years, the differences were less pronounced. In this adequately nourished male population, body size in the first years of life was significantly correlated with the timing of puberty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Increased echogenicity in the lower fetal abdomen: a common normal variant in the second trimester.

Ten cases displaying a focal area of increased echogenicity in the lower fetal abdomen on prenatal sonography are reported. This was an isolated finding in each case. Nine cases were noted early in the second trimester. The last case corresponded to a postmature gestation. In all cases, a normal lower abdomen was documented on follow-up prenatal sonography, at birth, or at autopsy. The authors believe that increased echogenicity in the lower fetal abdomen represents a normal variant that is more common than suggested by the literature. A possible explanation of this pattern is offered.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1984

Obesity prognosis: a longitudinal study of children from the age of 6 months to 9 years.

The development of body fatness and leanness is examined in an ongoing prospective nutrition and growth study. Individual skinfold thicknesses, relative weights, weight gains, activity levels, and caloric intakes were examined at seven ages between 6 months and 9 years. Changes in body fatness in this group of children provide evidence that the obese infant usually does not become the obese child. Weight gain in infancy is also a poor predictor of 9-year old obesity. Changes from obese to non-obese or lean are often not linear. There is evidence that impending or actual obesity begins at ages 6 to 9 years with some predictability provided as early as age 2 years for girls, age 3 years for boys.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1983

Linear growth patterns in patients with cleft lip or palate or both.

Sequential height determinations were made in patients with isolated cleft palate (ICP) and in patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) during an 11-year period. In 31 patients with ICP height percentiles tended to decrease with age. Beyond 8 years of age, none exceeded the 50th percentile, and measurements in eight (26%) of the patients with ICP were consistently below the fifth percentile. In 34 patients with CLP, after 4 years of age height percentiles were bimodular and clearly separable into a short group (65% below the 50th percentile) and a tall group (35% at or above the 70th percentile). The average height of the parents was normal and suggests alteration of the polygenic inheritance of stature in patients with ICP. While the heights of short and tall patients with CLP reflect the mean height of their parents, the distinct bimodular distribution of the heights of patients with CLP was not anticipated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Patterns of vitamin C intake from food and supplements: survey of an adult population in Alameda County, California.

Use of vitamin C in food and pills and its association with health habits and health status were investigated in a random sample of 3,119 adults in Alameda County, California. Vitamin C intakes of nearly 80 per cent of respondents met or exceeded Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances. Fourteen per cent or fewer appeared to have inadequate vitamin C intake. Vitamin C supplements were taken daily by 29 per cent, occasionally by 21 per cent. Most respondents obtained 100 mg or less of vitamin C daily; 2 per cent had more than 2000 mg. Proportionately, more women than men took vitamin C pills daily. Men aged 16 to 44 were the most likely to have neither vitamin C foods nor pills. Persons 45 years and older tended to take vitamin C pills daily, younger persons to take them occasionally. Respondents who did not eat breakfast or who smoked cigarettes had lower vitamin C intakes. People in poor health took more vitamin C than those in good health. Health status may have influenced vitamin C intake rather than vitamin C intake influencing health status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Body composition and physical activity in 8-year-old children.

Body measurements and determinations were made of normal children age 8 3/4 yr. Anthropometric indices most highly correlated with percentage fat as determined by body density were the sum of four skinfolds, relative weight, and triceps skinfold thickness. Girls had a significantly higher percentage of fat than boys. Percentage fat at this age was compared to longitudinal activity scores (based on 1-day activity records) obtained from 6 months to the current age. There was no significant correlation of activity with fatness in girls. In boys, activity at 3 and 4 yr had a significant negative correlation with fatness at age 8; activity at age 8 was not correlated. Relative-leanness-fatness was better related to past than current activity. Comparison of longitudinal activity scores revealed a continuity of activity patterns for short intervals (e.g., 1 yr), but over longer periods (e.g., 4 or more yr) the effect diminished.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1980

Gonadal function in trisomy 21.

Endocrinologic evaluation of 39 patients with trisomy 2 and associated hypogonadism demonstrated elevations of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone; consequently, it can be concluded that both germinal and Leydig cell function are affected. A negative correlation between testicular size and plasma follicle-stimulating hormone was documented. Plasma testosterone levels were found to be normal in male patients as were estradiol levels in female patients with trisomy 21. On the basis of these findings, the simplest and most practical diagnostic approach to evaluate germinal cell function appears to be a single plasma follicle-stimulating hormone determination supplemented by an accurate measurement of testicular volume in males.

Down Syndrome↗
PubMed1979

Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome.

Based on the family presented and five others previously described, it can be concluded that the Grieg cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome is a fully penetrant autosomal dominant disease consisting of four variably expressed malformations: postaxial polydactyly (type B), preaxial polydactyly, syndactyly, and minor craniofacial abnormalities. This entity can be differentiated from other craniofacial-digital syndromes because of the absence of mental retardation, craniosynostosis, and brachydactyly.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The MURCS association: Müllerian duct aplasia, renal aplasia, and cervicothoracic somite dysplasia.

Two patients and 28 others in the literature were ascertained because of congenital vaginal agenesis associated with clinical and/or radiographic evidence of malformations derived from the cervicothoracic somites. In these patients, there was a high incidence of Müllerian duct aplasia/hypoplasia (96%), renal agenesis and/or ectopy (80%), and abnormalities related to cervicothoracic somite dysplasia, particularly 2 to 4 anomalous vertebrae located between C5-T1 (80%). These consistent findings suggest a distinctive non-random association of malformations: Müllerian duct (MU) aplasia, renal (R) aplasia, and cervicothoracic somite (CS) dysplasia (MURCS). Identification of one component of the MURCS association suggests the presence of the other associated anomalies. A hypothesis for the embryogenic pathogenesis of the MURCS association is proposed which attributes the malformations to an alteration of the blastemas of the lower cervical-upper thoracic somites, arm buds, and pronephric ducts, all of which have an intimate spatial relationship at the end of the fourth week of fetal life. A presently unidentified teratogen may be one of the possible causes of the MURCS association on the basis of a lack of familial transmission, normal chromosomal studies, and the similar effects of a known teratogen (thalidomide) on the developing genitourinary tract.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1979

Streamlining and implementing nutritional assessment: the dietary approach.

Early methods of assessing food intake were developed to provide nutrition services for individuals in health care. Dietary methodologies increased in number and complexity as they were used in nutrition surveys of populations and as tools for nutrition research. Recent expansion of community health programs with nutrition components, and greater emphasis on nutritional assessment in health care require the use of streamlined methods of dietary inquiry and screening. The specialized knowledge and skills of the nutritionist/dietitian are best reserved for persons identified through screening as being at high risk for malnutrition.

Adolescent↗