Construct validation of the Perceived Maternal Task Performance scale.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
L N Gottlieb
Publications and source records attributed to L N Gottlieb.
The meaning of time: Mohawk women at midlife.
Midlife has emerged as an important developmental transitional point for both men and women. For women, menopause is synonymous with midlife, and consequently women and health professionals have focused on the losses and problems of this biological event. Few studies to date have placed menopause within the context of other life experiences occurring at this time and in varied cultural groups. Eight Mohawk women, aged 45 to 54 years, were visited in their homes on a weekly or bimonthly basis spanning a 6- to 8-week period. Using a grounded theory approach, the women were encouraged to describe their experiences at this time. The four major issues experienced at midlife related to the concept of time: it is time for me, being where I should be, time for myself, and my time is spent meaningfully. Women fell into two groups. Those "in synchrony" viewed their lives as following expected time pathways. Those "out of synchrony" identified aspects of their lives as problematic. Of the four women who were out of synchrony, three were "action oriented" and the fourth was "stuck."
Attitude↗
Predictors of husbands' and wives' grief reactions following infant death: the role of marital intimacy.
This follow-up study examined how bereaved couples' grief reactions change over time and how the quality of the marriage can predict these reactions for men and women. A group of 31 bereaved couples who 2 to 4 years earlier had lost an infant ( greater than 20 weeks gestation and less than 1 year of age) were revisited in their home 24 months after the initial home visit. With the exception of somatization, couples' grief reactions were less intense at follow-up than at the initial visit. Overall, husbands experienced less guilt, meaninglessness, yearning, and morbid fear than wives. Both husbands and wives who reported lower levels of marital intimacy soon after the loss experienced more intense grief at follow-up. Finally, couples continued to be vulnerable to a resurgence of grief even years later.
Fetal Death↗
Firstborns' behaviors during a mother's second pregnancy.
Distress and autonomy behaviors were examined in 80 preschool children of pregnant mothers and nonexpectant mothers. Four groups of only children participated: three groups of 20 children of expectant mothers who were in their early, middle, or late stages of pregnancy and a comparison group of 20 children of nonexpectant mothers. The groups were balanced for age (young: 18 to 36 months; old: 37 to 60 months) and sex. At 12 weeks, young firstborn girls were more dependent than either young boys or older girls and boys. Firstborns in the middle pregnancy group were more dependent at 20 weeks than at 24 and 28 weeks; however, boys reacted more to separation and expressed more anger than did girls. During the late phase of pregnancy, boys reacted to separation more negatively than girls did only at 28 weeks. Old firstborns were generally more autonomous than young firstborns; however, by the 32nd week of pregnancy, the groups did not differ. Compared with children in the comparison group, those in the early pregnancy group showed fewer reactions to separation, and those in the middle pregnancy group were less dependent at 24 and 28 weeks. At 38 weeks of pregnancy, late pregnancy boys reacted less to separation and expressed less anger than did comparison group boys. Late pregnancy girls were angrier than boys in both the comparison and pregnancy groups.
Anger↗
Mothers' moods and social support when a second child is born.
PROBLEM: The relationship between mothers' different mood states and dimensions of support; the influence of antepartum and postpartum support on mood states as a function of stress and time. SUBJECTS: Married mothers (N = 50) expecting a second child when their firstborn was between 28-54 months old; 90% Caucasian; ages 24-40 years. Average education: 13 years. METHOD: A short-term longitudinal correlational study to determine second-time mothers' moods relative to dimensions of support, stress, and timing of support. Instruments used: Profile of Mood States, Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire, Situation-Specific Support Scale, and the Crockenberg Stress Checklist. FINDINGS: Depressed, angry, and/or tired mothers reported inappropriate amounts of support and dissatisfaction with support received. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Different types of support serve different functions before and after birth. Support must "fit" mothers' needs and is most effective if given when needed because of the limited "carry over" effect. Listening carefully to mothers describe their feelings enables nurses to determine support wanted or needed.
Adult↗