Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

L M Burke

Publications and source records attributed to L M Burke.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Political principles in action: a critical analysis of Education and Training: Working Paper 10 and its implications for nurse education.

Education and Training: Working Paper Ten (WP10) (Department of Health 1989a) was published in October 1989. It was an integral part of Working for Patients (Department of Health 1989b) and as such was alleged to embrace the same fundamental principles. WP10 may result in the most significant change to nurse education in the UK since the 1949 Nurses Act, with variations in its funding, structure and organisation. Surprisingly, there has been relatively little discussion about this important development within the nursing press. The aim, therefore, of this paper is to evaluate WP10 within the context of the ideology which has underpinned social policy in the last 14 years. Firstly, Conservative Party policy will be explored, the WP10 itself will then be examined in order to assess how far such principles have been applied to nurse education through its implementation. It is intended that by this process of analysis further understanding will be gained about this policy and its potential consequences for the future of nursing.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1995

Effect of coingestion of fat and protein with carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen storage.

Dietary guidelines for achieving optimal muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise have been given in terms of absolute carbohydrate (CHO) intake (8-10 g.kg-1.day-1). However, it is of further interest to determine whether the addition of fat and protein to carbohydrate feedings affects muscle glycogen storage. Eight well-trained triathletes [23.1 +/- 2.0 (SE) yr; 74.0 +/- 3.4 kg; peak O2 consumption = 4.7 +/- 0.4 l/min] undertook an exercise trial (2 h at 75% peak O2 consumption, followed by four 30-s sprints) on three occasions, each 1 wk apart. For 24 h after each trial, the subjects rested and were assigned to the following diets in randomized order: control (C) diet (high glycemic index CHO foods; CHO = 7 g.kg-1.day-1), added fat and protein (FP) diet (C diet + 1.6 g.kg-1.day-1 fat + 1.2 g.kg-1.day-1 protein), and matched-energy diet [C diet + 4.8 g.kg-1.day-1 additional CHO (Polycose) to match the additional energy in the FP diet]. Meals were eaten at t = 0, 4, 8, and 21 h of recovery. The total postprandial incremental plasma glucose area was significantly reduced after the FP diet (P < 0.05). Serum free fatty acid and plasma triglyceride responses were significantly elevated during the FP trial (P < 0.05). There were no differences between trials in muscle glycogen storage over 24 h (C, 85.8 +/- 2.7 mmol/kg wet wt; FP, 80.5 +/- 8.2 mmol/kg wet wt; matched-energy, 87.9 +/- 7.0 mmol/kg wet wt).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Dietary intakes and food use of groups of elite Australian male athletes.

The present study conducted dietary surveys of four groups of Australian male athletes: triathletes, marathon runners, Australian Rules football players, and Olympic weightlifters. Their training diets were assessed via a 7-day food record from which mean daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, and key micronutrients were estimated. The data were compared between groups as well as to recommendations in the literature for athlete nutrition. Results showed major differences between groups. The contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake was greater for triathletes and marathon runners than for the other two groups. There was no difference between all four groups in the total amount of fat consumed, yet its contribution to total energy intake was significantly lower for triathletes and marathon runners. The football players and weightlifters consumed a similar fat:energy ratio as the typical Australian diet. Furthermore, the micronutrient density of the football players' diets was significantly lower than that of the other groups.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of mitogen responses of lymphocyte subpopulations separated using coated metal beads and by traditional methods.

In this paper we compare the effects on lymphocyte function of separating peripheral blood mononuclear cells into T and B lymphocytes using monoclonal antibodies and coated metal beads (Dynabeads), with traditional plastic adherence and sheep erythrocyte binding techniques. We demonstrate that B cell function is unaffected using the new Dynabead method but that T cell function is impaired. We ascribe these observations to modulations of the cell surface molecule(s) expressing the lineage specific determinant used in the selection procedure, rather than to inherent difficulties with using the Dynabeads.

Cell Separation↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of three methods of estimating energy expenditure: caltrac, heart rate, and video analysis.

This study examined the accuracy of a new device (Caltrac) in estimating energy expenditure via acceleration measurements. Energy expenditure of 20 high school students during basketball class activity (average length = 37 min) was estimated using the Caltrac, heart rate recording, and video analysis. Heart rate recording and video analysis estimates of energy expenditure were determined from heart rate, caloric expenditure curves, and an activity rating scale, respectively. The following estimates of caloric expenditure (M +/- SD) were found: heart rate recording = 196 +/- 73 greater than Caltrac = 163 +/- 49 greater than film analysis = 123 +/- 30 kcal (p less than .05). Laboratory simulations of the basketball activity revealed that the Caltrac energy expenditure was not significantly different from the actual energy expenditure (p greater than .05). The heart rate recording and video analysis estimates of energy expenditure were significantly (p less than .05) higher and lower, respectively, than the actual energy expenditure. The Caltrac is a lightweight, low-cost device that provides a relatively accurate estimate of energy expenditure in free-ranging activities, such as basketball.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Sports nutrition. Approaching the nineties.

A sophisticated appreciation of the role of nutrition in athletic performance has been made possible by increasing knowledge of the physiology of exercise. The nutritional issues of training are of primary importance, since this occupies most of the athlete's effort. The nutritional support of an intense daily training programme includes an appropriately high energy intake, predominantly in the form of carbohydrate in order to continually replenish muscle glycogen stores. Recent review of the protein needs of athletes indicates that requirements may be substantially above those of sedentary subjects, to account for the oxidation of amino acids during exercise as well as the retention of nitrogen during periods of muscle building. However, these increased requirements are likely to be met by the generous protein intakes anticipated in a high energy diet. The same would seem to hold true for micronutrient considerations, although there is no evidence that vitamin requirements are considerably increased by exercise. Nevertheless, a high energy diet chosen from a sufficiently varied range of foods should allow micronutrient intakes well in excess of population recommended dietary intake levels. Current interest is focused on the mineral status of athletes, particularly that of iron and calcium. In the case of iron, there is a possibility that the increased level of loss by some endurance athletes will not be met by their usual dietary patterns. Screening for early signs of iron deficiency, and appropriate supplementation and dietary counselling seem warranted in high risk groups. Competition poses the challenge of identifying possible factors limiting performance, and taking steps to delay or reduce these. Of paramount importance is body temperature regulation through the maintenance of hydration levels. This issue has long been recognised, but recent studies of gastric emptying and the benefits of carbohydrate supplementation during exercise have caused an update of the advice to athletes regarding fluid intake during exercise. It now seems possible to simultaneously achieve fluid and carbohydrate requirements for endurance exercise within a wide range of choice of beverages containing up to 10% carbohydrate. Concern about the adequacy of carbohydrate fuel stores in endurance exercise situations is also well known. The recognition that training achieves various physiological adaptations to enhance the lifespan of fuel stores has taken away some of the attention previously focussed on carbohydrate-loading techniques.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1988

A study of dietary patterns of elite Australian football players.

This report describes the dietary patterns of 56 elite Australian Rules football players. Data collected included an anthropometric profile, training information, and measurements of haemoglobin and blood lipids. Information on dietary practices, for training and game preparation, was collected by interview and food diary. Analysis of training diets showed a mean energy intake of 14.2 MJ/day (0.17 MJ/kg/day). Mean protein intake was 126 g/day (1.5 g/kg/day). The proportions of dietary energy contributed by the macronutrients were carbohydrate, 44%; fat, 37%; protein, 15%; and alcohol, 4%. Mean daily intake of selected vitamins and minerals from food sources was: retinol activity, 1439 mg; thiamin, 1.7 mg; riboflavin, 2.8 mg; niacin equivalents, 45.1 mg; vitamin C, 139 mg; iron, 19.6 mg; and calcium, 1016 mg. Carbohydrate intake was considered low, but overall intake of nutrients studied was adequate.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A study of carbohydrate loading techniques used by marathon runners.

Carbohydrate loading techniques were studied in a survey of 76 marathon runners. It was found that these runners practised a variety of methods that they believed would achieve carbohydrate loading. Analysis of records of food use showed that the diets actually used by runners did not reach the level of carbohydrate specified in the high carbohydrate phase of the glycogen loading regimens reported in the literature. It is suggested that in a free-living situation, without specific instructions or a knowledge of nutrition and food composition, runners are limited in their ability to achieve the dietary requirements of carbohydrate loading.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Seasonal changes in body composition in Australian Rules footballers.

Anthropometric measurements were collected from a group of Australian Rules footballers at the start and end of the competitive season. Eighty-nine players were studied, drawn from a top level professional league team, a second level association team and an A-grade amateur association team. Changes in the physical profile of these players during the season were observed. A small but significant gain in fat-free body mass in the top level players was observed (0.9 kg, p less than 0.01), but no change in body fat. The intermediate level players showed no significant change in body mass and a tendency toward a slight loss in body fat, while the lower level players showed a significant loss in body fat during the season (1.8 kg, p less than 0.001) without significant change in fat-free body mass.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Australian Rules football: an anthropometric study of participants.

Anthropometric measurements and personal data were collected from 119 Australian Rules footballers from Victoria. A top level professional league team, a second level association team, and an A-grade amateur association team were observed, representing three levels of ability. The profile of physical features of these athletes at the beginning of the season is presented. A gradation of body size was observed between teams. The players in the top level team were slightly taller and heavier than those in the other teams. They had less body fat, as shown by lesser skinfold thicknesses, a smaller percentage body fat as determined by prediction equations, and a greater fat-free mass. The intermediate level team showed an intermediate level of body fat and the lower level team had the highest proportion of fat.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1984

Nutrition for the footballer.

Optimum fitness and performance are influenced by many factors of lifestyle and training. The dedicated footballer should consider his diet as an integral part of his training programme. This involves attention to daily nutrition as well as the specialised needs for sport.

Alcohol Drinking↗