Biomedical subjects

L Liang

Publications and source records attributed to L Liang.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

[The PCR amplification, cloning, sequencing, expression in E. coli of gene encoding endoflagella subunit protein (fla B) from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai].

A pair of oligonucleotide primers were designed by ourselves to amplify the endoflagella gene of L. interrogans serovar lai. A fragment about 840 bp was generated with PCR and inserted into plasmid pUC8 after the fragment and pUC8 were digested respectively with Bam HI and Pst I. A recombinant plasmid (designated as pLF1) was obtained. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that a 33 kd was expressed in E. coli JM103 harboring pLF1 and the expression level of the protein was 11% of total bacterial soluble proteins. Western blot analysis showed that the protein band could be recognized by the antiserum against the endoflagella (Axiall filament) of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai. Nucleotide seguence data showed an open reading frame encoding 282 aminoacids residues, corresponding to a protein of molecular weight 33.6 kd. The G + C content of endoflagella subunit protein gene was 48 mol%. Therefore, the G + C content of the leptospiral fla B Gene is significantly higher than the reported 39 mol% G + C content of leptospiral genome of L.interrogans serovar lai but similar to the G + C of the Treponema pallidum genome. Comparison of the deduced endoflagellar subunit protein (fla B) amino acid sequence with flagellins from other bacteria revealed a high level of identity with the Treponema pallidum fla B proteins. Immunization/protection experiment was performed on the model of BALB/c mice and showed that the survival rate in the group JM103-pLF1 was higher than that in the group JM103-pUC8, but statistically the difference between them was significant (P < 0.05) and pLF1 did not induce significant levels of agglutinating antibodies against L.interrogans serovar lai.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

[Androgen receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma and the surrounding liver tissues in China].

To investigate the reasons why primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) is prevalent in male, androgen receptors (AR) in cytoplasm and nucleus were quantitatively detected in tumor tissue and tumor-adjacent tissue of 23 patients with HCC and liver tissue of normal livers by means of receptor radio-ligand binding assay. The concentrations of AR in cytoplasm and nucleus were as follows: 0.20-5.30, 1.91-6.50 fmol/mg protein in normal liver tissue; 5.12-27.62, 10.73-47.18 fmol/mg protein in tumor tissue; and 3.18-14.98, 5.15-36.32 fmol/mg protein in tumor-surrounding tissue. The mean concentrations of AR in cytoplasm or nucleus decreased in the order of tumor tissue, tumor-surrounding tissue and normal liver tissue, and the differences among them were statistically significant. The concentration of AR in tumor tissue and tumor-adjacent tissue had no direct or indirect association with sex, age, abuse of alcohol, HBsAg, HBcAb, AFP, pathological type of tumor, differentiation degree of tumor cells and the underlying liver disease. The result suggests that the prevalence of HCC in male over in female in China may be somehow related to the expression of AR in tumor cells.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Research on the recombinant plasmid pDJH2 of L. interrogans serovar lai: sequencing and alignment with other known bacterial Omp sequence].

The Leptospira whole cell vaccine (LWCV) currently used in China is safe and effective, out the immunity following vaccination with two doses of the fluid medium vaccine is of low order. The duration of immunity conferred by this vaccine is rather short, six months or at most one year. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new generation vaccines against Leptospirosis for the developing world. In this paper we report the sequencing of the insert fragment of pDJH2 from genomic DNA of L. interrogans sevovar lai strain 017 and its alignment with other bacterial omp sequences. A genomic library of Leptospira interrogaans serovar lai strain 017 was constructed with the plasmid vector pUC18. A recombinant plasmid designated pJDH2 was screened from the genomic library. Inserted fragment of pDH2 is 1.9 kb by gel electrophoresis. Immunization/protection was studied in BALB/c mice model. The results showed highly significant difference between pDJH2 and pUC18 (control). Inserted fragment of pDJH2 DNA sequencing was performed by Dr Yan Zhengxin (Max-Planck-Institut for Biology. Tubingen, Germany). Insert fragment was cloned into pBluescript II KS-(stratagene) and sequenced by using AB1 (Applied Bio Systems, Model 373A). Two open reading frames of 565 and 662 nucleotides were identified. There were identifiable initiation codons, terminators, Shine-Dalgano ribosome combining site, Pribnow boxes and Sextama boxes within the 2 sequenced regions. Nucleotide sequences were analysed using Gene Work, a suit of computer program developed by Department of Biochemistry St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis. U.S.A. The results of formatted alignment showed the predicted nucleotide sequence of ORF1 of the serovar lai had significant similarity with ORF2 (49.36%). L. kirschneri ompL1 (49.26%), Borrelia burgdoferi omp (48.97%), Treponema phagedenis omp (47.3%); Salmonella typhimurium ompC(46.87%), Yersinia enterocolitica ompH (46.7%), Leptospira borgpeterseni pfap (46.3%), and Serratia marcescens omp (43.3%). The close relationship of the pDJH2 ORF1 and ORF2 nucleotide sequences from Leptospira kirschneri ompL 1 is apparent. Whether the recombinant pDJH2 will prove useful for vaccine development remains to be tested.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Subclones of fragment DNA recombinant rpDJH2 of L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017 and it's expression of high level in E. coli].

Fragment of 1.9 kb recombinant DNA of pDJH2 was linked with vectors pT7-7 and pRSETs. Then they were transformed into E. coli JM109 (DE3) respectively. Expression of subclones was achieved in E. coli JM109 (DE3) with IPTG inducement. SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular weights of products were 68kd and 23 kd respectively. The amount of production seemed to be higher than that of the outer membrane proteins of L. interrogans serovar strain 017 in nature. Immunoblotting of pDJt and pDJrB2 (both are subclones) with the specific antiserum of anti-OMP of L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017 and the experiment of initiative immuno-protection in guinea pigs showed both protein-68 kd and 23 kd might be the antigens of immuno-protection on the outer membrane of L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Treatment of irresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with repeated transient dearterialization].

A joint clinical prospective study between SUMS and Lund university was reported. 40 patients with the irresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) admitted to the department of HPB surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of SUMS were randomized into two groups: (20 each) from Feb. 1994 to April, 1995. The patients were treated with hepatic artery ligation (HAL) and repeated transient dearterialization (RTD) respectively. Postoperative response to treatment, liver function change (ALT), AFP, imaging examination of the tumor, patient's survival were evaluated. It has been shown that RTD is superior to HAL in terms of the objective response to the therapy, reduction of tumor size, patient's symptom relief, liver function and AFP changes and patient's survival. In the RTD group, the effective rate was 70%, the mean survival time was 8.2 months, and the 6-month survival rate was 79.7%. In HAL group, the effective rate was only 5%, the mean survival time was 5.1 months, 6 months survival rate was 35.8%. It has been postulated that RTD may prevent the rapid development of collateral circulation and increase the production of oxygen-derived free radicals, which may be the responsible factors for the ischemic treatment of hepatic tumours. We consider that RTD would be a promising polliative method for HCC.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Tyrosine phosphorylation induced by cross-linking of Fc gamma-receptor type II in human neutrophils.

Neutrophils express several receptors for the Fc region of IgG molecules. Specific cross-linking of the type II receptor (Fc gamma RII) can be achieved by treating neutrophils with the Fab fragment of a specific monoclonal antibody IV.3 against the receptor followed by goat anti-mouse IgG F(ab')2 fragment. Such treatment initiates a number of neutrophil responses including the release of O2-. and increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation. The increase in tyrosine phosphorylation is rapid and transient and correlates with O2-. release. Both responses are inhibited by pretreatment of neutrophils with a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein. The increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation is not inhibited by pretreatment of neutrophils with pertussis toxin or an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, but is enhanced by a phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid. The activity of a neutrophil Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMPKII) is also stimulated by cross-linking Fc gamma RII. The increase in CAMPKII activity is inhibited by pretreatment with either genistein or Ca2+ chelator. The results suggest that the increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation induced by cross-linking of Fc gamma RII requires neither pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-proteins nor a rise in intracellular Ca2+ but can be regulated by protein phosphatases. Furthermore, protein tyrosine phosphorylation may be an early signal functionally linked to Fc gamma RII-mediated signal transduction leading to CAMPKII activation and O2-. release in human neutrophils.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Activation of multiple protein kinases induced by cross-linking of Fc gamma RII in human neutrophils.

Several neutrophil protein kinases that undergo changes in activity during Fc gamma RII activation have been investigated. These kinases include calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMPKII), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and histone H4 protein kinase (PKH4). They are rapidly and transiently activated in a dose-dependent manner by the cross-linking of Fc gamma RII. The activation of CAMPKII but neither PKH4 nor MAPK was inhibited by treating the cells with either a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, or an intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA/AM. The superoxide production induced by cross-linking Fc gamma RII can be inhibited partially by various protein kinase inhibitors: 33% by protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C, 30% by CAMPKII inhibitor KN-62, and 62% by tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. These results indicate that cross-linking of Fc gamma RII induces multiple signaling pathways that lead to the activation of various protein kinases. The activation of these kinases may be involved directly or indirectly in the regulation of superoxide production.

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine↗

PubMed1995

Pentamidine congeners. 3. Crystal structure and molecular modeling studies of trans-1,4-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)-2-butene.

X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the geometry of trans-1,4-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)-2-butene dihydrochloride dihydrate (trans-butenamidine). trans-Butenamidine is a semirigid analogue of pentamidine that has demonstrated good anti-Pneumocystis carinii activity in rats. Molecular modeling studies revealed that unlike pentamidine or propamidine, trans-butenamidine does not discriminate between AT and TA sequences in its binding to the minor groove of DNA. Crystal data: [C18H22N4O2(2+)][Cl(-)]2[H2O]2, triclinic space group, P1, a = 9.443(1) A, b = 11.400(1) A, c = 11.919(1) A, alpha = 62.19(1) degree, beta = 81.10(1) degree, gamma = 72.19(1) degree, V = 1080.3(3) A3, Z = 2, R = 0.054 for 1149 observed reflections with I > 3 sigma (1).

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 6,7-annulated pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines.

Four new 6H-indeno[2',1':5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pryimidines (10-13) were synthesized via cyclocondensation reactions involving chlorovinyl aldehyde 1 or ketoaldehyde 3 and appropriately substituted 6-aminopyrimidines. The regiochemistry of the compounds was established by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral data as well as X-ray crystal data. Compounds 10 and 11 and previously reported homologues 14 and 15 were screened for antimicrobial activity. Moderate antimicrobial activity was observed for some of these compounds. Compound 14 was especially active against Staphylococcus aureus. Crystal data for 13 (C14H7N3Cl2) follows: monoclinic space group, P21/n; Unit cell dimensions, a = 7.284(1) A, b = 12.800(1) A, c = 13.108(1) A, beta = 93.98(1) degree, V = 1219.2(2) A3, Z = 4.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1995

Differential expression and regulation of cytokine genes in the mouse uterus.

The present investigation examined the differential expression of cytokine genes in vivo and in vitro in the mouse uterus and their regulation by ovarian steroid hormones. The expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-1 alpha, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) genes was examined in the mouse uterus as well as in freshly isolated or cultured epithelial cells by Northern blot and in situ hybridization. In the day 1 pregnant (D1 = vaginal plug) uterus, the levels of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were abundant, whereas those of TNF alpha and IL-6 were at the limits of detection. Freshly isolated D1 uterine epithelial cell preparations contained higher levels of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta mRNAs than those observed in the D1 whole uterus, whereas TNF alpha and IL-6 mRNA levels were consistently low. In contrast, D1 epithelial cells showed decreased levels of IL-1 beta mRNA after 1 day of culture, whereas the levels of IL-1 alpha and IL-6 mRNAs increased under similar conditions. The levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF alpha mRNAs were at the limits of detection in the D4 whole uterus or freshly isolated diestrous epithelial cells. However, IL-1 alpha and IL-6 mRNA levels in diestrous epithelial cells, like those in D1 epithelial cells, increased in culture. In contrast, IL-1 beta and TNF alpha mRNA levels remained low in cultured epithelial cells. In situ hybridization was used to examine the cell type-specific expression of IL-1 alpha or IL-6 mRNA in uterine sections and cultured cells. Although hybridization signals for IL-1 alpha mRNA were detected in uterine epithelial cells on D1 of pregnancy, IL-6 mRNA could not be detected. IL-1 alpha and IL-6 mRNAs could not be detected in freshly isolated diestrous epithelial cells, although a majority of the epithelial cells showed hybridization signals for these mRNAs after 2 or 4 days of culture. The effects of steroid hormones on uterine cytokine gene expression were examined by Northern blot and in situ hybridization. In adult ovariectomized mice, an injection of 17 beta-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), or a combination of E2 and P4 had little or no apparent effect on these cytokine mRNA levels. The results establish that uterine epithelial cells on D1 of pregnancy exhibit heightened expression of IL-1 alpha in culture. In contrast, these cells express little or no IL-6 mRNA in vivo, but show heightened expression in culture. These results suggest that an apparent loss of repression of these uterine genes occurs in culture. Furthermore, E2 and/or P4 treatments appear to have little or no effect on uterine cytokine mRNA levels in adult ovariectomized mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

The biological monitoring of mercury in the Seychelles study.

The concentration of total mercury in maternal hair during pregnancy was used as a measure of fetal exposure to methylmercury in a study of a fish-eating population in the Seychelles islands. A segment of scalp hair approximately 10 centimeters in length, that grew during pregnancy, was selected for measurement. Total and inorganic mercury were measured by cold vapor atomic absorption (CVAA) using the Magos reagents (Magos, 1971). For comparative purposes, total mercury was measured by X-ray Fluorescent Spectrometry (XRF) and methylmercury by gas chromatography/atomic fluorescence detection (GC/AFD) in a subset of hair samples. A limited number of fish samples were also analyzed. Extensive interlaboratory testing was conducted to ensure accuracy of the mercury measurements. Concentrations of organic mercury calculated as the difference between total and inorganic mercury as measured by CVAA agreed with those of methylmercury measured on the same samples of hair by GC/AFD. Methylmercury measured by GC/AFD and organic mercury measured by CVAA accounted for over 80% of the total mercury in hair and over 90% of the total mercury in fish muscle. To test the accuracy of recapitulation by hair sampling, hair samples were collected from mothers at the time of delivery and 6 months later. The segment corresponding to the pregnancy term was selected for measurement assuming a hair growth rate of 1.1 cm/month. Results from both samples were in close agreement. As part of both a pilot investigation followed by the main study, maternal hair samples were collected each year from 1986 to 1989 for a total of 1604 samples. The median and mean values for each year's collection fell in the range of 5.9 to 8.2 ppm and exhibited no statistically significant trend with time. The highest recorded concentration was 36 ppm. In hair samples from 654 mothers, the mean concentration of total mercury was compared with the mean concentrations in segments corresponding to each trimester, approximately 3.3 centimeters in length. A high degree of correlation was found between mean levels in each trimester versus the entire pregnancy segment.

Child Development↗

PubMed1994

Rapid modification of ribosomal S6 kinase II (S6KII) in rabbit peritoneal neutrophils stimulated with chemotactic factor fMet-Leu-Phe.

The ribosomal S6 kinase II (S6KII) in rabbit neutrophils was studied by immunoblotting with antibodies prepared against recombinant S6KII. A protein with apparent molecular weight of 80,000 Da in SDS-gel was recognized by the antibodies. A shift of the apparent molecular weight to 84,000 Da in SDS-gel was observed in cells stimulated with the chemotactic factor fMet-Leu-Phe. Cytochalasin B and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, but not A23187, stimulated both the tyrosine phosphorylation of p41mapk and the change of the mobility of S6KII. Pretreatment of the cells with quin 2/AM inhibited almost completely the tyrosine phosphorylation of p41mapk induced by fMet-Leu-Phe, but only partially the change in mobility of S6KII. Under various conditions, near maximum conversion of S6KII was observed even if only about 40% of the maximum level of tyrosine phosphorylation of p41mapk was achieved. The results suggest that rapid modification of S6KII occurs in chemotactic factor-stimulated neutrophils. Furthermore, the modification of S6KII induced by fMet-Leu-Phe requires either only partial tyrosine phosphorylation of p41mapk or the activation of kinase(s) other than the p41mapk isoform.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Crystal and molecular structures of tricyclic neuroleptics.

The X-ray crystal structures of three tricyclic neuroleptics have been completed and are reported herein. These include amitriptyline hydrochloride (I), chlorprothixene hydrochloride (II), and ethopropazine hydrochloride (III). The structures were compared with the structures of similar molecules with similar pharmacological activity. It was found that there is a great deal of flexibility in the structures of these molecules, which makes it difficult to determine the pharmacologically active conformations. Crystallographic data: (I) C20H24NCl, monoclinic space group P2(1)/a, a = 13.812(4) A, b = 9.140(2) A, c = 14.345(4) A, beta = 96.82(2) degrees, Z = 4, final R = 0.059 for 1630 observed (l > 3 sigma(l)) reflections. (II) C18H20NSCl2.CHCl3, monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 29.416(4) A, b = 6.986(1) A, c = 23.374(3) A, beta = 109.78(1) degrees, Z = 8, final R = 0.046 for 1436 observed reflections. (III) C19H25N2SCl, monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, a = 8.849(1) A, b = 14.475(2) A, c = 14.832(1) A, beta = 98.72(1) degrees, Z = 4, final R = 0.039 for 2583 observed reflections.

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic↗

PubMed1994

Adrenergic regulation of aqueous outflow.

Epinephrine increased outflow facility and cyclic AMP in the in vitro perfused human anterior segment with a maximal facility increase of 44% occurring at approximately 2 x 10(-5) M. Cyclic AMP measured in the perfusate from anterior segments increased by 12-14 fold after administration of 10(-5) M epinephrine. Both the facility increase and cyclic AMP rise were blocked by the beta-2 selective antagonist, ICI118,551. While there was a correlation between the facility increase and elevation in cyclic AMP levels, the rise in cyclic AMP preceded the facility increase by about 1 hour, suggesting that the ultimate effect of epinephrine involved a rather slow event such as synthesis and release of prostaglandins or protein synthesis. Subsequent perfusion studies showed that very large concentrations of indomethacin were necessary to block the outflow facility effect of epinephrine, suggesting that prostaglandin synthesis did not underlie the facility effect in this system. However, 5 x 10(-5) M cyclohexamide blocked the effect on outflow facility of both epinephrine and forskolin, but did not block the rise in cyclic AMP. These studies suggest that protein synthesis may play a role in the epinephrine-induced facility increase at some point beyond the second messenger level.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1994

Evidence for anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibodies that cross-react with human T-lymphotropic virus type I proteins in a population in Irian Jaya, Indonesia.

This study was performed to demonstrate the presence of anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibodies in a population living in Irian Jaya, Indonesia that cross-react with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proteins. Serum samples from 63 volunteers living in Oksibil, a secluded highland valley in Irian Jaya, were tested for anti-P. falciparum antibodies by an immunofluorescence assay and for anti-HTLV-I antibodies by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). All samples were positive for anti-P. falciparum antibodies at titers of > or = 1:256. Twenty-four samples were reactive by EIA for HTLV-I, and of these, 23 were tested by western blotting (immunoblotting). Five of the 23 samples were classified as western blot positive and 18 were classified as western blot indeterminate. In competitive blocking assays with malaria proteins, western blot immunoreactivity to all HTLV-I Gag proteins was either reduced or eliminated. Significant reductions in the HTLV-I EIA optical density values of the Oksibil sera occurred when the sera were competitively blocked with the malaria antigens. The optical density values of HTLV-I-positive control sera showed no significant change. Competitive blocking with HTLV-I antigens produced reductions in the optical density values of both the Oksibil sera and the HTLV-I-positive control sera. These data suggest that in this population, anti-P. falciparum antibodies are cross-reactive with HTLV-I proteins in the western blot and EIA tests.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Localization of vasa protein to the Drosophila pole plasm is independent of its RNA-binding and helicase activities.

The Drosophila gene vasa encodes a DEAD-box protein, which is localized during early oogenesis to the perinuclear region of the nurse cells and later to the pole plasm at the posterior end of the oocyte. Posterior localization of vasa protein depends upon the functions of four genes: capu, spir, osk and stau. We have found that localization of vasa to the perinuclear nuage is abolished in most vas alleles, but is unaffected by mutations in four genes required upstream for its pole plasm localization. Thus localization of vasa to the nuage particles is independent of the pole plasm assembly pathway. Furthermore, electron-dense nuage particles are less abundant in the cytoplasm of nurse cells from vas mutants that fail to exhibit perinuclear localization, suggesting that the formation of the nuage depends upon vas function. Eight of nine vas point mutations cause codon substitutions in a region conserved among DEAD-box genes. The proteins from two mutant alleles that retain the capacity to localize to the posterior pole of the oocyte, vasO14 and vasO11, are both severely reduced in RNA-binding and -unwinding activity as compared to the wild-type protein on a variety of RNA substrates including in vitro synthesized pole plasm RNAs. Initial recruitment of vasa to the pole plasm must consequently depend upon protein-protein interactions but, once localized, vasa must bind to RNA to mediate germ cell formation.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1994

Simultaneous determination of mercury speciation in biological materials by GC/CVAFS after ethylation and room-temperature precollection.

We developed a method for the simultaneous determination of monomethyl mercury (MMHg), inorganic mercury [Hg(II)], and total mercury (THg) in biological materials. A variety of biological materials can be digested in methanolic KOH solution. The MMHg and Hg(II) present are converted to volatile ethyl derivatives, methylethyl mercury and diethyl mercury, by an aqueous-phase ethylation reaction with sodium tetraethylborate. The ethyl derivatives are precollected onto a trapping column at room temperature, in case of disconnection with the separation/detection system, and then thermally desorbed into a packed isothermal gas chromatography (GC) column. Eluted organo-Hg compounds from the GC column are decomposed into Hg0, and detection is completed by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS). Pure standard solutions can be used for calibration. The sum of MMHg and Hg(II) obtained by this method equals the THg value obtained by digestion with HNO3 and H2SO4, reduction with SnCl2, and single-stage amalgamation/CVAFS for all biological materials studied. Absolute detection limits are 0.6 pg and 1.3 pg of Hg as MMHg and Hg(II), respectively, corresponding to 0.3 ng and 0.6 ng/g (wet) of sample.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Clinical observation on osteoporosis treated with traditional kidney-tonifying medicaments.

The method of scoring kidney deficiency symptoms and bone density was used to judge therapeutic efficacy on osteoporosis of traditional kidney-tonifying drugs. It was proved that the drugs not only improved clinical symptoms but also delayed the developmental process of this disorder. It also verified the correctness of the traditional theory that the kidney dominates the bone and generates the marrow.

Adult↗