Developmental sentence types: a method for comparing normal and deviant syntactic development.
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Child, Preschool↗
Biomedical subjects
L L Lee
Publications and source records attributed to L L Lee.
Post mass-immunization measles outbreak in Taoyuan County, Taiwan: dynamics of transmission, vaccine effectiveness, and herd immunity.
OBJECTIVES: Analysis of national surveillance data and a seroepidemiologic investigation were conducted to elucidate the causes and epidemiologic characteristics of a measles outbreak in Taoyuan, Taiwan, 1994. METHODS: Measles cases were identified through a national surveillance system. Reported cases and their physician or school nurses were interviewed to trace additional suspect cases and were sampled for serologic diagnosis. Measles-specific IgG and IgM were assayed. A confirmed case was defined as being positive for measles IgM test but not having received measles vaccination within the previous 3 months. RESULTS: The outbreak began in Taoyuan City in December 1993 and continued to spread in primary schools and kindergartens, but caused only sporadic cases in neighboring towns. Among 42 confirmed cases, 15 (38%) were primary school children and 16 (38%) were kindergarten children. Among 24 confirmed cases with a vaccination record, 7 had one dose of vaccination, 4 had two doses of vaccination, and 13 (54%) were unvaccinated. The overall measles susceptible proportion at a kindergarten before the outbreak was 8.1% (17/209) and the overall measles cumulative incidence among susceptibles was 0.65 (11/17). CONCLUSIONS: A measles vaccination coverage of 82% with the first dose at 9 months of age and 63% with the second dose (measles, mumps, and rubella) at 15 months was inadequate to block measles virus circulation in Taoyuan City in 1994. The city center, with a growing population, represents a high risk as an epicenter for measles outbreaks. Measles outbreaks may occur in a school population with 92% herd immunity.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Changes in the patterns of initiation of cigarette smoking in the United States: 1950, 1965, and 1980.
We examined changes in the patterns of the rates of smoking initiation in the United States by gender for 1950, 1965, and 1980. Data from National Health Interview Surveys on the ages people started smoking (survey years 1970, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1987, and 1988) were used to construct age-specific rates of smoking initiation for males and females 10 to 24 years of age for 1950, 1965, and 1980. We used information from 87,483 white respondents who were between 20 and 50 years of age when surveyed. In 1950, initiation was higher for males of all ages than for females, and smoking initiation rates were higher among those age 18 years and older compared to those younger. Although still somewhat higher, the rates for males in 1965 had declined much more than those for females, and the tendency for higher rates in older youth was still evident. In 1980, no gender difference was seen and most initiation clearly took place in those younger than 18 years of age. We concluded that the public health campaign has been successful in convincing older youth not to smoke. However, smoking initiation rates in younger adolescents have changed little, indicating that new approaches to tobacco control are necessary if smoking prevalence in the United States is to be further reduced.
Adolescent↗