Two computer programs were developed, program I to optimise insulin treatment using six injections per day, and program II to convert these insulin profiles into less frequent injections of mixtures of regular and NPH insulin. The first software in an HP 41 CV pocket computer uses iterative adjustments during the day and on subsequent days to determine the optimal timing and dosage of insulin. Six self-monitored glucose values at 3 h intervals, insulin doses, and the effects of insulin on plasma glucose are memorised for calculations. The calculated insulin doses were applied by Optipen as five s.c. injections of regular insulin and one bedside injection of NPH insulin. After 5 days the optimised individual insulin profiles with six daily injections were processed by program II. It applies the pharmacokinetics of regular and NPH insulin to make suggestions for a more conventional insulin therapy with one, two, three or four daily injections of regular insulin, NPH insulin, or varying mixtures of both insulins. The procedure was well tolerated in eight insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus out-patients. Insulin therapy with two or three injections, fitted by the second program and selected according to the quality score, produced plasma glucose profiles as satisfactory as those obtained with six injections. The system allows the fine tuning of insulin therapy to out-patients with their individual diets and physical activities.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Binding of biosynthetic human insulin to human antibodies and receptors.

The binding of biosynthetic human insulin (BHI) and pork insulin to anti-pork insulin antibodies was tested at an insulin concentration of 4 microunits/ml. Identical binding data were obtained. The binding of the two insulins to mononuclear lymphocytes was also identical. The data are compared to previous results obtained with synthetic human insulin. Previously, we investigated the in vitro properties of fully synthetic human insulin from Dr. Rittel, Ciba-Geigy, Basel. Receptor binding of this human insulin was identical to pork insulin. The binding properties of the new BHI from Lilly (Indianapolis) were studied with human antibodies and freshly isolated human monocytes.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Receptor binding studies and clinical effects of human insulin (recombinant DNA): studies in patients with newly diagnosed type i diabetes, type II diabetes, insulin resistance (type A and type B), insulin antibodies, insulin allergy, and "brittle" diabetes.

Thirty-eight insulin-dependent diabetic subjects were treated for periods ranging from 1 to 14 mo with human insulin (recombinant DNA) in order to investigate the clinical effects of human insulin in comparison with pork insulin. Human insulin was well tolerated and no side effects were detected. The following differences between human and pork insulin were observed: reduced blood glucose oscillations associated with a reduction in hypoglycemic symptoms in patients with "brittle" diabetes and type I diabetes, decreased concentrations of antibodies against pork insulin related to a reduction of insulin requirement of approximately 15%, increased specific receptor binding in patients with type I diabetes and insulin resistance: type A, possibility for treating patients with pork insulin allergy, and an increased biologic activity in a patient with polyclonal antireceptor antibodies. No difference was detected between pork and human insulin treatment in patients with type II diabetes and in a patient with insulin resistance: type B with monoclonal antireceptor antibodies. Human insulin was used safely and successfully in the treatment of diabetic patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Different counterregulatory responses to human insulin (recombinant DNA) and purified pork insulin.

The biologic effect of human insulin (recombinant DNA) and purified pork insulin (PPI) was compared during insulin-induced hypoglycemia at two intravenous dosages 0.075 and 0.1 U/kg body wt in healthy volunteers. Serum insulin concentrations and plasma glucose curves were identical. PPI induced a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher output of epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol at both doses. Less inhibition (P less than 0.05) of endogenous insulin secretion was observed for human insulin at 0.1 kg body wt. An elevated incidence of sweating during hypoglycemia was related to epinephrine secretion. The results indicate that homologous insulin produces in vivo effects which are different from those produced by heterologous insulin.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Less pronounced changes in serum potassium and epinephrine during hypoglycemia induced by human insulin (recombinant DNA).

Human insulin (recombinant DNA) and purified porcine insulin were compared in healthy men. Intravenous insulin tolerance tests showed identical effects on plasma glucose when a bolus of 0.1 U/kg was injected. Following human insulin, hypokalemia and epinephrine secretion were significantly less pronounced. The differences in serum potassium concentrations are caused by a lower epinephrine response to hypoglycemia induced by human insulin in comparison to purified porcine insulin.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Biometry with a video-genlock interface and a computer-based image-analyzing system: use as a TV-videopupillometer.

TV-videobiometry is frequently used in biomedical research. Usually, the video images are digitized by computer systems. In contrast, the technique described uses a device known as a video-genlock interface (genlock). The genlock mixes a computer picture with the picture of a video device (synchronization). This technique and the custom-made software provide the following advantages: programmable user interface, low-budget system, user-friendly, manual-based software package, precision, and usefulness in different videobiometric setups such as infrared videopupillometry, which is described. In the demonstrated videopupillometry, the area resolution is 0.0009 mm2 per pixel and the length resolution 0.03 mm per pixel side. The relative coefficient of variation for 20 repeated measurements of pupillary area lies between 0.15 and 0.35%. The mean error of three measurements of a model pupil is less than 1%.

Biometry↗