Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

L Jokipii

Publications and source records attributed to L Jokipii.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Cryptosporidiosis associated with traveling and giardiasis.

The aim of this study was to reveal sources where cryptosporidiosis may be acquired. We studied 4545 patients, from whom 5730 stool samples were obtained for the diagnosis of parasitic infections during 13 mo, and found that 119 of these patients (2.62%) excreted oocysts of Cryptosporidium. About two-thirds of the patients reported no animal contacts. There were no cases among children under the age of 5 yr, which is evidence against endemicity, and the prevalence was highest (6.22%) in young adults aged 15-29 yr. The sex distribution was unremarkable: of the 119 patients, 56 were men and 63 were women. Most patients reported a recent trip abroad, which had taken place 12 times more frequently during the previous month than earlier. Cryptosporidiosis was five times more frequent in patients who had recently visited Leningrad than in others, and seven times more frequent in patients with Giardia lamblia than in others. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis occurs mainly in travelers, and seems to be acquired from similar sources as giardiasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Peritonsillar abscess: bacteriological evaluation.

The pus from a series of 41 peritonsillar abscesses was examined bacteriologically. In the majority of the abscesses a mixed bacterial flora was found. The specimens yielded 0-7 different bacterial species per abscess (mean 3.0). One species alone was isolated only in five cases (12.5%). Both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria were isolated from the specimens of 25 patients (61%), only anaerobes from two specimens (4.9%), and only facultative bacteria from 12 specimens (29%). Beta haemolytic streptococci were cultured in 43.9% of the cases, but Streptococcus pyogenes group A in only 10 cases (24.4%). Thus, the pus of the peritonsillar abscess seems to be caused by a mixed bacterial infection, where anaerobic bacteria play a significant role. Indications of tonsillectomy in cases with peritonsillar abscess are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Reverse inoculum effect in bactericidal activity and other variables affecting killing of group B streptococci by penicillin.

Variables of the effect of penicillin G on the numbers of viable group B streptococci in broth cultures were studied. One-fourth of the MIC was the lowest concentration that reduced the viable count compared with antibiotic-free controls. The rate of killing increased with the concentration of penicillin up to 4 X MIC, but no further. During the first 2 or 3 h, the bactericidal activity was more rapid than later on. The MIC and supraoptimal concentrations of penicillin killed an inoculum of 10(6) organisms more rapidly than an inoculum of 10(4) organisms. The MIC was not inoculum dependent. The reverse inoculum effect was revealed by the killing curves but not by the MBC. There were reproducible differences among strains as to the rate of killing by penicillin; these did not correlate with the rate of multiplication, which also varied among strains. Among the 11 strains tested, there were no tolerant ones.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Comparative evaluation of the 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole compounds dimetridazole, metronidazole, secnidazole, ornidazole, tinidazole, carnidazole, and panidazole against Bacteroides fragilis and other bacteria of the Bacteroides fragilis group.

Tube-dilution MICs of seven 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole compounds varying at the 1-substitution were determined against Bacteroides fragilis. Activities on a molar basis were ranked: tinidazole greater than panidazole greater than ornidazole greater than metronidazole greater than or equal to secnidazole greater than carnidazole greater than dimetridazole. Geometric mean MICs varied from 0.5 to 6.6 microM, and MICs against individual strains varied up to 50-fold between compounds. In general, the MIC of each drug correlated with that of each of the other drugs, but with tinidazole the correlation coefficients tended to be small and were not significant versus metronidazole and secnidazole. MICs against 14 other bacteria of the B. fragilis group, including B. distasonis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. uniformis, and B. vulgatus, were within the range determined for B. fragilis.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1985

Immunosuppression in homosexual men seronegative for HTLV-III.

Clinical, microbiological, and lifestyle patterns in homosexual men showing in vitro immunological abnormalities were studied and related to the susceptibility to human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection. In a cohort of male homosexual volunteers in Finland, 90% were HTLV-III antibody negative. Ten % of the HTLV-III negative cases showed decreased T-helper/suppressor cell ratios, mostly due to elevated numbers of T-suppressor cells. In this immunosuppressed group, more signs of diarrhea, intestinal giardiasis, genital warts, and hepatitis B were observed than in the other HTLV-III antibody-negative study subjects. The type of sexual practice was not associated with the in vitro immune abnormalities. During a follow-up of up to 16 months, 4 initially HTLV-III antibody negative cases showed seroconversion. Three of these had inverted T-helper/suppressor cell ratios prior to the seroconversion. It is concluded that persons showing in vitro immunosuppression are more susceptible to HTLV-III infection when being exposed to the virus or else alteration in T-cell subsets signals a pre-antibody-positive or early phase of HTLV-III infection.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1985

Frequency, multiplicity and repertoire of intestinal protozoa in healthy homosexual men and in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.

Various conventional parasitological methods were used to study three faecal samples from 153 homosexual men and 119 patients with abdominal symptoms. In 59.5% of the homosexual men 198 protozoa were identified, and in 31.9% of the patients the number of protozoa was 51. Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia were more frequent in the patients, while various amoebae were more frequent in the homosexual men. The frequency, multiplicity and repertoire of intestinal protozoa in the homosexual men were very similar to those reported from other parts of the world, but quite different from those associated with gastrointestinal illness in the local general population.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1984

Single dose of tinidazole in the treatment of vaginal discharge.

Seventy-nine unselected women whose main symptom was abnormal vaginal discharge were seen at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Helsinki University Central Hospital between October 1980 and September 1981. All patients and their current sex partners were randomly treated either with a 2-gram single dose of tinidazole or with identical placebos. Those excluded were 9 patients who did not attend the follow-up examination, 15 who had specific cervicovaginal infections (6 with chlamydial infection, 4 with trichomoniasis and 5 with yeast infection), and 22 with normal Döderlein flora seen on vaginal Pap smear. Response to the treatment was analysed among the remaining 33 women, of whom 17 received tinidazole and 16 placebo. The symptoms and signs that best discriminated between those who had normal Döderlein flora and those who had non-Döderlein flora were malodour, other than white colour of the discharge, and the presence of clue cells on Pap smear. When these findings were used to evaluate the response to treatment, tinidazole proved to be more effective than placebo. Disappearance of clue cells best (p less than 0.01) discriminated between tinidazole and placebo.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cryptosporidium: a frequent finding in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.

1422 faecal samples sent by general practitioners for routine parasitological examination were surveyed in 3 months. Of the 10.8% short-listed for special examination for cryptosporidium oocysts, 14 (9.1%) were positive. Charcot-Leyden crystals were not associated with cryptosporidiosis. All 14 patients had symptoms of gastrointestinal infection, which seemed to be related to a trip abroad. The incubation period varied between 4 and 12 days. Clinically cryptosporidiosis could not be distinguished from giardiasis, but its duration was shorter (median 10 days), strong abdominal pain and cramps were commoner, and bloating, anorexia, and weakness were less common. The disease can be diagnosed by identification of oocysts in faecal samples that have undergone formalin-ether concentration. There is no specific treatment for it, and recovery is spontaneous.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Treatment of giardiasis: comparative evaluation of ornidazole and tinidazole as a single oral dose.

Ornidazole or tinidazole as a single dose of 1.5 g was given to 100 patients with symptomatic giardiasis. Parasites disappeared from the feces of all patients, usually within 2 or 3 days, and symptoms subsided in 98 cases, usually within 5 days. During an 8-wk follow-up, parasites reappeared in 10 patients, 5 after each drug, between 1 and 7 wk after treatment. The relapses were usually symptomatic, and the probability that they were reinfections was negligible. Ornidazole appeared in serum more rapidly than tinidazole, and the mean elimination half-lives were 10.9 and 11.1 h, respectively. Subjective side effects were equally common after both nitroimidazoles; dizziness was associated with rapid initial absorption. We found no correlation between drug absorption or elimination and therapeutic efficacy. Both drugs are recommendable as a single oral dose of 1.5 g in giardiasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Metronidazole, tinidazole, ornidazole and anaerobic infections of the middle ear, maxillary sinus and central nervous system.

Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 31% of ears with chronic otitis media and from 28% (or 48% if microaerophilic streptococci were included) of chronic maxillary sinusitis cases. The infections which are the main sources of anaerobic central nervous system infections are typically caused by Bacteroides species and microaerophilic streptococci, respectively. Metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole were bactericidal against B. fragilis in vitro, and serum concentrations 50 times the MBC were achieved one hour after oral administration. The concentrations of metronidazole in the middle ear discharge and mucosa of chronic otitis media were 70% of the serum levels. The concentrations of metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole in the cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits were 90% of the serum levels. The concentrations of metronidazole and tinidazole in the cerebrospinal fluid of humans were 42% and 80%, respectively, of the serum levels. A review of studies involving the treatment of meningitis and brain abscess cases with metronidazole reveals that, as predicted from the bacteriological findings and tissue distribution investigations, administration of metronidazole has met with much clinical success.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1980

Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole in rabbits.

The penetration of metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rabbits was determined using a bioassay based on the antibacterial activity of the drugs. After an intravenous dose of 50 mg, the CSF levels of each drug exceeded previously reported minimum bactericidal concentrations against Bacteriodes fragilis. Low serum levels of each drug, produced by intramuscular administration of low doses, resulted in CSF/serum ratios ranging from 0.63--0.73.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

In vitro susceptibility of Giardia lamblia trophozoites to metronidazole and tinidazole.

The number of motile Giardia lamblia trophozoites approximately doubled in axenic culture in 24 hr when 50% fresh medium was provided every 24 hr. In a microculture modification involving no change of medium, similar multiplication took place during the first 24 hr, and trophozoites remained motile for four days or longer. Metronidazole and tinidazole were active against G. lamblia in vitro, an observation suggesting that their effect in therapy of giardiasis is a direct one. The effect was rapid--high drug concentrations immobilized most trophozoites within 3.5 hr. There was an inverse relationship between duration of exposure and concentration of drug needed for significant immobilization: the effect of 0.1 microgram/ml was detectable after two to four days. Tinidazole was 4.4-fold as active as metronidazole; the minimal concentrations that immobilized 100% of trophozoites by 24 hr ranged from 0.2 to 12.5 microgram/ml and from 1.6 to 50 microgram/ml, respectively.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗