Commentary: a "systems"-based alternative to mandatory outpatient treatment.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to L I Stein.
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A current debate in the field is whether consumers, who have achieved stability in Assertive Community Treatment programs, can be transferred to less intensive services. To bring some data to bear on this question, this study compared consumers and members, who have achieved stability, in either an Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) or a clubhouse program, on domains of vocational activity, social relationships/loneliness and community integration. The 51 stable clients from the two programs who were interviewed, reported similar vocational activity, similar experiences with social relationships and social networks, and similar community integration. Clients in both groups were less lonely than previously reported in the literature. Study results indicate, that for those clients who have achieved stability, there are sufficient similarities between consumers in the two programs, to suggest a potential for movement from more to less intensive programs with less disruption than previously assumed possible.
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Successful treatment of schizophrenia depends on understanding the nature of the disorder and providing a system of care with the primary locus in the community. Care must be continuous and must fulfill a wide variety of needs required for patients to make a stable adjustment to the community. The Dane County, Wisconsin, integrated system of community-based care is a proven model. It is based on the above principles and has resulted in more patients living independently and working productively, with fewer hospitalizations. The majority of funding for the Dane County Mental Health System is allocated to community services making it possible to offer a comprehensive set of programs. These programs work cooperatively to do whatever is needed to help patients achieve a stable life, of decent quality, in the community. The conceptual framework for the treatment of persons with schizophrenia, the principles of treatment, and a system of care based on those principles is discussed.
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Stabilizing clients in the midst of a psychotic episode in the hospital can be a difficult task that requires a multidisciplinary team. The task of helping those persons to live stable lives of decent quality after they leave the hospital is at least as difficult, and much more complex. Thus, it is not surprising that the case management model, which is not multidisciplinary and is available only on weekdays, is inadequate to deliver well-integrated, constantly available services to difficult clients. The effect on clients is that few are receiving adequate rehabilitation, and many are unstable and frequently rehospitalized. The effect on the system is that a large portion of the mental health budget goes to hospital care, frustrating attempts to reallocate dollars to develop comprehensive services in the community.
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The ability of mental health practitioners to work well with persons with serious long-term mental illness has expanded significantly over the past two decades. Learning to do this well involves acquiring a broad base of knowledge and a complex range of skills. Such knowledge and experience must be incorporated into the basic residency curriculum for general psychiatrists, though with some notable exceptions this has not occurred for a number of important reasons, including money and the new image that psychiatry is trying to assume. The key elements of such a curriculum include 1) specific learning goals, 2) working within an effective treatment system with high quality clinical rotations, 3) good role models, 4) high quality psychiatric supervision, 5) a well-grounded didactic program, and 6) high quality clinical rotations. We discuss these elements in detail, and we describe the training program in community psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin Medical School Department of Psychiatry. Our residency training program and supervising faculty are affiliated with and partially funded by the Mental Health Center of Dane County to the benefit of both. This marriage between the public-sector mental health care provider and the academic psychiatric training program has created benefits for both parents plus a fertile environment for training future generations of psychiatrists.