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Biomedical subjects

L Henriksen

Publications and source records attributed to L Henriksen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Industry sponsored anti-smoking ads and adolescent reactance: test of a boomerang effect.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether adolescents' exposure to youth smoking prevention ads sponsored by tobacco companies promotes intentions to smoke, curiosity about smoking, and positive attitudes toward the tobacco industry. DESIGN: A randomised controlled experiment compared adolescents' responses to five smoking prevention ads sponsored by a tobacco company (Philip Morris or Lorillard), or to five smoking prevention ads sponsored by a non-profit organisation (the American Legacy Foundation), or to five ads about preventing drunk driving. SETTING: A large public high school in California's central valley. SUBJECTS: A convenience sample of 9th and 10th graders (n = 832) ages 14-17 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceptions of ad effectiveness, intention to smoke, and attitudes toward tobacco companies measured immediately after exposure. RESULTS: As predicted, adolescents rated Philip Morris and Lorillard ads less favourably than the other youth smoking prevention ads. Adolescents' intention to smoke did not differ as a function of ad exposure. However, exposure to Philip Morris and Lorillard ads engendered more favourable attitudes toward tobacco companies. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that industry sponsored anti-smoking ads do more to promote corporate image than to prevent youth smoking. By cultivating public opinion that is more sympathetic toward tobacco companies, the effect of such advertising is likely to be more harmful than helpful to youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reaching youth at the point of sale: cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently.

OBJECTIVE: Although numerous studies describe the quantity and nature of tobacco marketing in stores, fewer studies examine the industry's attempts to reach youth at the point of sale. This study examines whether cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Trained coders counted cigarette ads, products, and other marketing materials in a census of stores that sell tobacco in Tracy, California (n = 50). A combination of data from focus groups and in-class surveys of middle school students (n = 2125) determined which of the stores adolescents visited most frequently. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Amount of marketing materials and shelf space measured separately for the three cigarette brands most popular with adolescent smokers and for other brands combined. RESULTS: Compared to other stores in the same community, stores where adolescents shopped frequently contained almost three times more marketing materials for Marlboro, Camel, and Newport, and significantly more shelf space devoted to these brands. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of whether tobacco companies intentionally target youth at the point of sale, these findings underscore the importance of strategies to reduce the quantity and impact of cigarette marketing materials in this venue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Young adults' opinions of Philip Morris and its television advertising.

OBJECTIVE: To determine what young people think about the tobacco company Philip Morris and how it affects their evaluations of the company's new television advertising. DESIGN: Data were gathered in the context of a controlled experiment in which participants saw four Philip Morris ads about youth smoking prevention, four Philip Morris ads about charitable works, or four Anheuser-Busch ads about preventing underage drinking (the control group). Knowledge and opinion of Philip Morris were measured before ad exposure. SETTING: A California state university in the San Francisco Bay area. SUBJECTS: A convenience sample of undergraduates (n = 218) aged 18-25 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Advertising evaluation measured by 12 semantic differential scales. RESULTS: A little more than half of the students knew that Philip Morris is a tobacco company. Neither this knowledge nor students' smoking status was related to their opinion of the company. Philip Morris ads were rated less favourably by students who were aware that the sponsor is a tobacco company than by students who were unaware. CONCLUSIONS: Advertisements designed to discredit the tobacco industry typically avoid references to specific companies. This study suggests that such counter-advertising would benefit from teaching audiences about the industry's corporate identities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of chronic venous disease in the lower limbs: comparison of five diagnostic methods.

To compare the usefulness of five diagnostic methods in ensuring deep vein patency, and in demonstrating site(s) of incompetence, 39 patients with clinical signs of chronic venous disease of a leg were included in a study of deep, superficial and perforator veins using triplex ultrasound (TUS), ascending phlebography (AP), descending phlebography (DP), continuous wave Doppler (CWD) and ambulatory strain gauge plethysmography (ASGP). One patient withdrew from the study. It was not possible to use all five methods in all 38 cases, and the methods could only be used partly in some cases. TUS, which allows anatomical, morphological and functional evaluation of the venous system, was chosen as the reference method. There was poor agreement between TUS and AP, and no agreement between TUS and ASGP, in the diagnosis of venous occlusion. AP demonstrated reflux (abnormal valves) in 7 of 22 patients with competent veins at TUS, and missed reflux in 13 of 15 patients with incompetent veins. Similarly, CWD overdiagnosed reflux in 13 of 20 patients and missed the reflux in 3 of 14 patients. DP was only technically possible in 11 patients. ASGP diagnosed venous reflux in all patients with incompetent deep veins, but also indicated deep vein or perforator vein reflux in all but one patient with competent deep veins. The agreement between TUS and the other methods in evaluating reflux in the deep veins was not better than that expected to occur by chance, Cohen's kappa being less that 0.20. It is concluded that AP, CWD and ASGP are of little value in the work-up of patients with deep venous insufficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Structural characterization of protonated benzeneseleninic acid, the dihydroxyselenonium ion

The structure of the dihydroxyphenylselenonium ion (C(6)H(7)O(2)Se(+)) has been determined in its benzenesulfonate (C(6)H(5)O(3)Se(-)-) and p-toluenesulfonate (C(7)H(7)O(3)S(-)) salts. Whereas the former salt is disordered, the latter less dense salt is well defined. This difference in crystallization behaviour is attributed to a C-H.O hydrogen bond involving the methyl group of the p-toluenesulfonate ion. The two salts display very similar hydrogen-bond arrangements and differ only with respect to the stacking of the phenyl groups. The dihydroxyselenonium ion is a strong acid with a pK value of -0.9 determined from the variation of the (77)Se chemical shift. A comparison with the two deprotonated species reveals a systematic increase in the Se-O bond lengths and the pyramidal configuration around Se with the number of protons attached.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

[Healing of venous leg ulcers. A randomized prospective study of a long-stretch versus short-stretch compression bandage].

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of two types of compression bandage with different degrees of elasticity on healing of venous leg ulcers. Forty-three patients with venous leg ulcers were included and blindly randomized to treatment with one of the two types of bandage aiming at a sub-bandage pressure in the ankle area of 40 mmHg. Forty legs were evaluated. Healed ulcers after 12 months were observed in 71% of the long-stretch group and in 30% of the short-stretch group (p = 0.06). Using life-table analysis the predicted healing rate in the long-stretch group after 12 months was 81% and for the short-stretch group 31% (p = 0.03). The mean of relative ulcer areas at 12 months was 0.25 for the long-stretch group and 0.95 for the short-stretch group (p = 0.01). The present study appears to indicate a positive influence of the elasticity of a compression bandage applied with a sub-bandage pressure around 40 mmHg in the ankle area on venous ulcer healing.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Alcohol-specific socialization, parenting behaviors and alcohol use by children.

OBJECTIVE: This panel study examined the relations between alcohol-specific socialization by parents (monitoring of alcohol use by children, allowing alcohol use by children at home, communicating against alcohol use and setting rules against alcohol use), general dimensions of parenting behavior (responsiveness and demandingness) and alcohol use by children. METHOD: A sample of 488 fifth-grade children reported their perceptions of alcohol-specific socialization by parents, parental responsiveness and parental demandingness. These variables were used to predict alcohol use when children in the panel were in seventh grade. RESULTS: Nineteen percent of seventh-grade children reported alcohol use in the past 30 days. Logistic regression analyses indicated that, after accounting for children's age, sex, single parent status, prior use of alcohol and exposure to parental modeling of alcohol use, the odds of alcohol use were significantly greater among children who perceived no parental monitoring of alcohol use, who had been allowed by parents to have a drink with alcohol at home and who perceived relatively low levels of parental demandingness. Rules against alcohol use, parental communication against alcohol use and parental responsiveness were unrelated to the study outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Parental monitoring of alcohol use by children, family norms regarding alcohol use by children at home and parental ability to set and enforce behavioral rules merit consideration as factors that should be modified by prevention programs. There is a need, however, for additional research that further examines the relations between exposure to such parenting behaviors during childhood and alcohol use during adolescence.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Subbandage pressure measurements comparing a long-stretch with a short-stretch compression bandage.

Forty-three patients with venous leg ulcers were randomized into treatment with either a long- or a short-stretch compression bandage. Subbandage pressure was regularly measured during rest and walking for a period of up to 1 year. The long-stretch bandage was kept on as long as possible, often up to 1 week. It maintained a significantly higher subbandage pressure in the upright position and during passive dependency as well as during walking than the short-stretch bandage after both 2 and 24 h. The difference between maximum and minimum subbandage pressures during walking did not differ between the two groups. Thus, in contrast to general opinion, the short-stretch bandage did not produce a higher peak working pressure than the long-stretch bandage. The pressure decreased in the supine position in both groups.

Bandages↗
PubMed1998

The Authoritative Parenting Index: predicting health risk behaviors among children and adolescents.

Public health research demonstrates increasing interest in mobilizing parental influence to prevent health risk behaviors among children and adolescents. This research focuses on authoritative parenting, which previous studies suggest can prevent health risk behaviors among youth. To evaluate the reliability and validity of a new survey measure of authoritative parenting, data from studies of (1) substance use in a sample of 1,236 fourth- and sixth-grade students; (2) weapon carrying and interpersonal violence in a sample of 1,490 ninth- and tenth-grade students, and (3) anger, alienation, and conflict resolution in a sample of 224 seventh- and eighth-grade students were analyzed. The Authoritative Parenting Index had a factor structure consistent with a theoretical model of the construct; had acceptable reliability; showed grade, sex, and ethnic differences consistent with other studies; and identified parenting types that varied as hypothesized with multiple indicators of social competence and health risk behaviors among children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A longitudinal study predicting patterns of cigarette smoking in late childhood.

Early initiation of cigarette smoking so strongly predicts future smoking that several investigators have advocated delaying the age of initiation as a prevention strategy. To complement retrospective studies of early initiation, this study assessed prospectively patterns of smoking behavior in a sample of 401 children who were surveyed in the fifth, sixth, and seventh grades. The principal findings were (1) modeling of smoking by parents and friends is sufficient to influence children to initiate smoking, particularly when children also have low behavioral self-control, and (2) when modeling occurs in combination with poor adjustment to school, low parental monitoring, easy access to cigarettes, and other risk attributes, early initiators are significantly more likely to continue smoking. The results suggest that delaying initiation of smoking without also modifying child attributes and socialization factors that predict early initiation and persistent smoking is unlikely to reduce the proportion of children who become habitual smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Anti-smoking socialization: relationship to parent and child smoking status.

Anti-smoking socialization is defined as the transmission of knowledge, attitudes, and skills that prepare children to resist smoking. Three types of anti-smoking socialization are studied: parents' communication with children regarding no-smoking rules at home, health risks associated with smoking, and the disciplinary consequences of smoking. Results from a survey of children in 3rd through 8th grades (N = 937) indicate that (a) children from households where one or both parents smoke perceive less anti-smoking socialization than their peers from nonsmoking households; (b) anti-smoking socialization is positively associated with authoritative parenting; (c) children have significantly lower rates of smoking intention and initiation when parents engage in anti-smoking socialization, even if parents currently smoke. The findings offer an encouraging message to all parents Communicating anti-smoking messages may effectively discourage children from smoking.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

The early use of alcohol and tobacco: its relation to children's competence and parents' behavior.

OBJECTIVES: Use of tobacco and alcohol during childhood predicts heavy use of these substances and use of illicit drugs during adolescence. This study aims to identify developmental correlates of tobacco and alcohol use among elementary-school children. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys were used to measure tobacco and alcohol use, multiple indicators of child competence, parenting behaviors, and parental modeling of tobacco and alcohol use in a sample of 1470 third- and fifth-grade children. Both self-report and teacher-rated assessments were obtained, which allowed collateral testing of study hypotheses. RESULTS: Children's tobacco and alcohol use was strongly related to low scores on several measures of child competence, both self-reported and teacher rated. Children's tobacco and alcohol use was also associated with less effective parenting behaviors and with parental use of tobacco and alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: Children's early experience with tobacco and alcohol is associated with weak competence development and exposure to socialization factors that promote risk taking. Interventions to prevent early use of tobacco and alcohol are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A controlled study of microsurgical versus standard lumbar discectomy.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether a microsurgical discectomy (MS), compared with a standard lumbar discectomy (SD), could reduce the stay at the hospital or the postoperative morbidity. The study was prospective and of 79 patients with "virgin' lumbar radiculopathy from only one nerve root, 39 were randomized to MS and 40 to SD. All patients had positive myelography or CT findings. The fascia incision was 31 and 70 mm (p < 0.0001), respectively, but the skin incision was of the same length in both groups to blind the study. For the MS and SD group of patients, the median operation time was 48 and 35 min (p < 0.0001), and the stay at the hospital was 5.2 and 4.6 days, respectively. The two groups were not different in sex, age, localization or type of herniated discs. Use of analgesic medicine and the presence of pain in the back or legs pre- and postoperative was the same. We conclude that in a controlled and prospective study, reducing the fascia incision and the muscular dissection from a median of 70-31 mm, does not shorten the length of a stay at a hospital and it has no influence on postoperative morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Malignant melanoma among lithographers.

OBJECTIVES: Mortality studies have suggested that workers in the printing industry may have a higher incidence of malignant melanoma. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of malignant melanoma among lithographers. METHODS: A cohort of 837 lithographers, born in 1933-1942, was followed in the Danish Cancer Register from 1974 to 1989. RESULTS: Five cases of malignant melanoma were found, with 1.5 expected (relative risk 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2-7.5). CONCLUSIONS: Many known and suspected carcinogens are used in the printing industry. Hydroquinone, used for photographic development, may be implicated in the observed increase in risk, as it causes depigmentation and changes in melanocytes in the skin.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1994

Effect of 1 or 2 MAC isoflurane with or without ketanserin on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in man.

We have studied the effect of 1 or 2 MAC isoflurane with or without ketanserin on cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) and CBF autoregulation in 20 adult patients undergoing lumbar disc surgery. Ten patients received ketanserin and 10 isotonic saline. CBF measurements were started after 1 h of infusion of saline or ketanserin. The patients were anaesthetized with thiopentone 5 mg kg-1 followed by isoflurane. During 1 MAC of isoflurane, baseline values were recorded and then CBF autoregulation was examined (mean arterial pressure increased by about 30% with angiotensin). The sequence was repeated with 2 MAC of isoflurane. CBF was measured by the i.v. xenon-133 technique. CMRO2 was calculated as the product of CBF and the cerebral arterio-venous oxygen content difference. Ketanserin had no effect on CBF, CMRO2 or CBF autoregulation during isoflurane anaesthesia, therefore all patients were pooled for evaluation of the effect of isoflurane. Increasing isoflurane anaesthesia from 1 to 2 MAC increased mean CBF from 41 to 49 ml/100 g min-1 (P < 0.01) and decreased mean CMRO2 from 1.5 to 1.1 ml/100 g min-1 (P < 0.001) and thus abolished the coupling between flow and metabolism. The CBF autoregulation test indicated that autoregulation was disrupted at 2 MAC, but not during 1 MAC isoflurane anaesthesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Authoritative parenting, child competencies, and initiation of cigarette smoking.

School-based social influence programs to prevent adolescent smoking are having limited success in the long term. Intervening earlier in the process of smoking onset, during the childhood years, may be required to prevent adolescent smoking. Child socialization variables, specifically parenting behaviors and child competencies, may be important to understanding the earliest phase of smoking onset. This study tested hypotheses of association between authoritative parenting behaviors, enhanced child competencies, and relatively low rates of initiation of cigarette smoking. Analyzing cross-sectional survey data from 937 students in Grades 3 to 8, we found general support for the study hypotheses: Authoritative parenting was positively associated with child competencies; children's competency levels were inversely related to their rates of smoking intention, initiation, and experimentation; authoritative parenting was inversely related to rates of child smoking intention and behaviors; and authoritative parenting and parent smoking status had independent associations with child initiation of cigarette smoking. These results indicate that child socialization variables merit further investigation for their potential role in the development of early intervention programs for smoking prevention.

Adolescent↗