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Biomedical subjects

L Gonder-Frederick

Publications and source records attributed to L Gonder-Frederick.

29 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Stability of reacted Chemstrip bG.

Reacted Chemstrip bG glucose reagent strips have been reported to retain their color changes for up to 7 days. Thus, patients could theoretically measure their blood glucose and mail their reacted test strips to their physicians for reanalysis. To test the stability of reacted Chemstrip bG blood glucose measurements, 268 Chemstrip bG test strips were reacted with blood obtained from 67 insulin-dependent diabetic patients, stored in desiccator vials, and read daily for 5 consecutive days with an Accu-Chek II blood glucose meter. Although Chemstrip bG blood glucose values significantly correlated with initial reference Beckman glucose analyzer glucose determinations for all 5 days, a steady significant decay in blood glucose readings over time was observed, and clinically accurate strip readings declined from 94% to 68%. Because this decay appeared consistent, correction factors were calculated with regression analyses. The correction factor for day 5 Accu-Chek II readings reduced measurement error by 77%. When applied to a different validation sample, this correction factor decreased day 5 error by 73%. Hence, it seems that correction factors may be applied to delayed readings of Chemstrips obtained with Accu-Chek II that would correct for the observed reduction in blood glucose readings. From these results, we conclude that delayed readings of Chemstrip bG test strips with the Accu-Chek II are not sufficiently accurate for clinical decision making or research purposes unless mathematically corrected.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1987

Memory enhancement in elderly humans: effects of glucose ingestion.

Recent findings demonstrate that, in rats, posttraining injections of glucose can enhance subsequent memory performance. The purpose of this study was to extend these findings to an elderly human population by testing the hypothesis that acute increases in peripheral blood glucose levels would enhance performance on memory tasks. Eleven subjects ranging in age from 58 to 76 years participated in the study. A within-subject, repeated-measures design was used in which each subject was tested under two different glycemic conditions: with fasting blood glucose levels and with increased blood glucose levels. Blood glucose was manipulated via consumption of beverages sweetened with either saccharin or glucose powder. After beverage consumption, subjects took four tests from the Wechsler Memory Scale. Comparisons of performance under the two glycemic conditions showed that scores were higher after the glucose beverage on narrative memory tests and the total Wechsler Scale. Nine of the eleven subjects had higher total Wechsler Scale scores. These results contribute to the growing evidence that glucose metabolism should be considered in the study of memory processes. The implications of such relationships for age-related memory deficits are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Satieties and cross-satieties for three diets in the rat.

In food-deprived rats, intake of a 2 M glucose solution is independent of deprivation level. However, subsequent intake of laboratory chow does vary with deprivation, though the immediately-preceding glucose meal did not. If deprivation is severe, the rat may eat as much chow as if the prior glucose meal had not occurred. In the converse case, a preload of chow has no suppressant effect whatever on intake of glucose, at any deprivation level. As with chow, intake of milk after a glucose load varies with food deprivation, even though the preceding intake of glucose did not. In contrast to the chow case, however, there is cross-satiety between milk and glucose in both directions; a meal of either one suppresses subsequent intake of the other. We conclude: (1) Intake of different diets is limited (satiated) by different postingestive mechanisms with different functional properties; some are sensitive to deprivation, others not. (2) Offering a new diet can change the properties of satiety, as if it recruited a new satiety mechanism and disengaged the old one. (3) The interactions among different satiety mechanisms are complex and non-reciprocal. Glucose and milk both contribute to a satiety mechanism that limits intake of both. A glucose preload can augment or accelerate satiety for chow, and thus reduce chow meal size; but the converse is not true. A single state or variable, "satiety" in the abstract, probably does not exist.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

"De-satiation" produced by liquid diet in rats satiated for glucose solution.

Previous work has shown that after rats have drunk a glucose solution to "satiety," and during the time when solution intake would remain inhibited, intake can be reinstated by offering powdered glucose. This "de-satiation" phenomenon shows that solution intake comes to an end before any limit on caloric or solute intake has been reached. Here we show that a milk-based liquid diet can also reinstate ingestion in the solution-sated rat. And such a rat increases its intake further when the diet is diluted with water. Therefore, the original "satiety" for glucose solution does not reflect a refusal of fluid per se, or of water; nor does it reflect an inhibition on the lapping response.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Reliability of symptom-blood glucose relationships among insulin-dependent adult diabetics.

Symptoms and blood glucose levels were recorded by 23 insulin-dependent diabetics during three separate intervals. Each interval spanned 7-10 days, involving 40 symptom-blood glucose recordings. Each symptom's ratings were correlated with their respective blood glucose recording to yield a separate symptom-blood glucose correlation for each interval. These separate symptom-blood glucose relationships were themselves correlated across the three intervals to assess the temporal stability of the symptom-blood glucose relationships. Reliability was found to be variable. Possible explanations for this variability are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Physical symptoms related to blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetics.

Thirty hospitalized diabetics completed symptom checklists immediately prior to monitoring their own blood glucose level seven times a day for 6--10 days. For each subject, simple correlations were computed between each of the physical symptoms and blood glucose level. Most subjects evidenced several symptoms that were highly correlated with glucose fluctuations. Further, the symptoms that were related to glucose differed from subject to subject. The symptom-glucose correlations were reliable and unrelated to sex, age, duration of diabetes, and other individual difference variables. The findings point to a technique wherein patients can learn to perceive physical sensations indicative of changes in blood glucose in natural settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intensive versus standard blood glucose awareness training (BGAT) with insulin-dependent diabetes: mechanisms and ancillary effects.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients make critical daily self-care decisions on the basis of what they estimate their blood glucose (BG) levels to be. This study: a) replicated efficacy of Standard Blood Glucose Awareness Training (BGAT), b) evaluated the relative efficacy of an Intensive Blood Glucose Awareness Training (BGAT) to enhance patient accuracy of BG estimation, and c) evaluated the mechanisms and ancillary effects of BGAT. Thirty-nine subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Compared with Control, both Standard and Intensive BGAT improved accuracy (p less than 0.001). Intensive BGAT post-treatment accuracy relative to Standard BGAT did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.177). Greater improvement in accuracy was associated with poorer pretreatment accuracy. Only Intensive BGAT improved metabolic control (glycosylated hemoglobin), and this improvement was associated with poorer pretreatment control. The effects of BGAT were highly specific, affecting only accuracy and metabolic control, and not affecting fear of hypoglycemia, diabetes knowledge, of frequency of blood glucose monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fear of hypoglycemia: quantification, validation, and utilization.

Hypoglycemia can lead to various aversive symptomatic, affective, cognitive, physiological, and social consequences, which in turn can lead to the development of possible phobic avoidance behaviors associated with hypoglycemia. On the other hand, some patients may inappropriately deny or disregard warning signs of hypoglycemia. This study presents preliminary reliability and validity data on a psychometric instrument designed to quantify this fear: the hypoglycemic fear survey. The instrument was found to have internal consistency and test-retest stability, to covary with elevated glycosylated hemoglobin, and to be sensitive to a behavioral treatment program designed to increase awareness of hypoglycemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Accuracy of perceiving blood glucose in IDDM.

Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic individuals and health professionals often assume that the symptoms of extremely low or high blood glucose (BG) levels can be recognized and, consequently, appropriate treatment decisions can be based on symptom perception. Because no research has documented the validity of these assumptions, this study tested the ability to perceive BG concentration. Nineteen type I adults, experienced in self-monitoring of BG (SMBG), estimated their BG 40-54 times just before measurement of actual BG. This procedure was repeated under two conditions: (1) in the hospital (hospital condition) while connected to an insulin/glucose infusion system that artificially manipulated BG, leaving subjects only symptomatic, or internal, cues and (2) in the natural environment (home condition), where both internal and external cues, e.g., food and insulin consumption, were available. Estimates significantly correlated with actual BG for 7 of 16 subjects in the hospital condition and for 18 of 19 subjects in the home condition. Believed ability to estimate BG did not predict documented ability in either condition. An evaluation of the treatment significance of estimation errors showed that the majority of errors were relatively benign. The most common error affecting clinical outcome was estimated euglycemia when actual BG was hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic.

Adult↗