Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to L Garfinkel.
Twenty-four orthodontists were asked to provide a treatment plan for a series of six cases of malocclusion. In certain types of cases there was high or total agreement on treatment planning whether or not a cephalometric radiograph and analysis was available. In view of these findings, it may be appropriate for orthodontists to reassess their routine use of cephalograms.
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Over a 13-year period, 59 per cent of 28,561 smokers decreased the tar and nicotine (T/N) level in the cigarettes they smoked without changing the number of cigarettes smoked to any important extent. On the other hand, more than 54 per cent of the "less than one pack a day" smokers as compared to only 25 per cent of the "one pack or more a day" smokers increased the number of cigarettes smoked. Nicotine dependency plays a minor role in determining the smoking habits of those who continue to smoke on a long-term basis.
The remaining tissue of the tracheobronchial tree from 210 men who died from lung cancer was studied to compare the histologic alterations leading to further sites of primary cancer. These men were uranium miners matched with nonminers for age and smoking habits. In the examination of a total of 28,928 cross-sections carcinoma in situ was found in 96% of the miners and in 92% of the nonminers. The number of slides from miners showing degree 2 or 3 atypia in areas of carcinoma in situ was about double the number found from the nonminers. Although the difference was not statistically significant, 32% of the miners had at least one section showing early primary invasive carcinoma compared with 22% of the nonminers. The data indicate that the synergistic effect of the exposure to uranium dust along with cigarette smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and that in addition to a main tumor mass, other sites of tissue alterations leading to tumor development are frequently already present in the lung.
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Of the 952 alloplastic endosteal implants studied for up to 108 months, only the endodontic endosteal implant demonstrated long-range success. A success rate of 49% after 72 months was found in all but the endosteal implants. The evaluation of individual implant designs demonstrated that long, straight shaft lengths such as the transosteal impland survived for long periods. Future efforts should be applied to studies on the use of porous metals, polymers, ceramics, and carbons in laboratory animals, to evaluate attachment phenomena and stability of the gingival cuff. In this manner, we may establish reliable standards and procedures that may be used confidently by the practitioner.
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In a retrospective study of the effect of treatment in biopsy-proved idiopathic membranous nephropathy, 91 adults and 12 children were followed for periods up to 29 years after clinical onset (mean, 6.5 years). Forty-four were treated with corticosteroids, 15 with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants; 44 had no treatment and served as a control group. Clinical cure and improvement were significantly greater in the treated than in the nontreated group (P less than 0.01). The recurrence rate, occurrence of renal failure and probability of death were significantly greater in the nontreated group, although some of these patients eventually showed improvement. Prognosis was better in patients who responded to therapy. These data strongly suggest that steroid therapy is beneficial in patients with membranous nephropathy.
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This study was undertaken to determine whether the speech of poorly rated esophageal speakers could be improved with the aid of a structured palatal prosthesis. Palatograms testing certain speech sounds critical to the plosive-injection technique for air intake showed that improvement resulted after one week of wearing the training prosthesis. All subjects showed some improvement in speech after wearing the prosthesis for one week. Eight out of 10 subjects showed marked improvement in speech. It is suggested that a physiologically structured palatal prosthesis can assist some esophageal speakers to improve their speech.
A study was initiated to determine whether a relationship exists in geriatric patients between self-image and the extent of their denture acceptance. Three assessing instruments were employed, namely, a "Focused Interview," the embedded-figures test, and projective figure drawings. Scores obtained were compared with scores on the Denture-Acceptance Rating Scale. The research results derived from the data follow: 1. Comparison of the degree of denture acceptance with the scores on all three assessing instruments showed significant relationships. Therefore, the hypothesis under study was accepted. 2. The "Focused Interview" appeared particularly well suited to a geriatric population, because it was nonthreatening, provided a communication outlet, and can be readily employed by a practitioner. 3. The embedded-figures test and the projective figure drawings appeared less appropriate for this population because of factors such as psychomotor retardation, perceptual difficulties, and diminution of ego strength which accompany the aging process. 4. The men in this study appeared to accept dentures more readily than the women, manifested higher morale, and were more field-independent. 5. Employed subjects, as compared to unemployed, showed significantly greater denture acceptance, higher morale and self-image, and a greater degree of field-independence. These factors appeared related to greater flexibility of adaptation. 6. Socioeconomic factors appeared to be significantly and positively related to morale factors. 7. Complaints regarding dentures were largely of a physical nature. They appeared to relate primarily to difficulties with adjustment to the new artifact which represented an alteration of body image for the subjects. 8. The study provided corroborative evidence of the need for the dentist to make an initial assessment of those personality factors in his patients which might limit his ability to provide adequate dental services.
Vascular changes in the coronary arteries and intramyocardial arteries and arteriole were studied in 1,056 men in relation to the effects of cigarette smoking and to age. The analysis was based on both macroscopic and microscopic studies, and the pathologist was unaware of the identity of the cases. The macroscopic study found a greater association with atheroma than a previous study taken from autopsies. The microscopic study found moderate and advanced fibrous intimal thickening of the coronary arteries to be more frequent in smokers and related to the amount or degree of cigarette smoking. The increase in fibrous intimal thickening was greater for intramyocardial arteries than for subepicardial arteries. The most marked difference by smoking habits was found in the myocardial arterioles. Advanced hyaline thickening was found in 90.7 percent of those smoking two or more packs of cigarettes per day, in 48.4 percent of those smoking less than one pack per day, and not in any of those who never smoked regularly.
Over 1 000 000 men and women answered a confidential questionnaire and were traced for up to six years afterwards. Among other questions each person was asked how often he or she took aspirin-"never", "seldom," or "often." Coronary heart disease death rates were no lower among people who took aspirin often than among those who did not do so.
A study of the mechanism of hexokinase II from ascites cells the effects of its binding to mitochondrial membranes has been carried out by computer simulation. This is based on experimental data of Kosow and Rose and of Gumaa and McLean, and the theoretical methods of cleveland. For the soluble enzyme the mechanism is random with ternary produce-inhibition complexes; when bound to mitochondria, the mechanism becomes ordered-on, random-off, as the binding of ATP to the free enzymes becomes negligibly slow. The requirements of experimental data for mechanistic studies are discussed.
A study was made of histologic type of lung cancer in relation to smoking habit, year of diagnosis, age and sites of metastasis. It comprised 662 autopsies of men during the period from 1955 to 1972. As classified by the WHO system, 35.2 percent were epidermoid carcinoma, 24.6 percent were small cell carcinoma, 25.2 percent were adenocarcinoma and 14.2 percent were large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. The six non-smokers of the series were all found to be in class 3, adenocarcinoma. No clearcut and consistent relationships were observed. Although there was a steady decrease in the incidence of small cell carcinoma during this time period, this observation did not prove to be statistically significant. Small cell carcinomas increased with amount of smoking but not for all age groups. Adenocarcinomas decreased with advancing age but not in all smoking groups. Metastases were found in 96.3 percent of the cases and the sites most frequently involved were regional lymph nodes, liver, brain, distant lymph nodes, adrenals and bone. Small cell carcinomas showed the greatest percentage of involvement for those major sites and for the same sites, epidermoid carcinoma showed the lowest percentage.