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Biomedical subjects

L Friedman

Publications and source records attributed to L Friedman.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Computer graphics analysis of sleep-wakefulness state changes after pontine lesions.

The average EEG amplitude, average EMG amplitude and PGO spike rate per one minute epoch were measured for 3 days before and 21 days after pontine lesions in the cat. A trivariate computer graphics display of one baseline day's data (of 1350 epochs) revealed three major clusters of points that were automatically sorted by cluster analysis and corresponded to wakefulness, slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. Following combined medial-lateral caudal pontine lesions, the cluster of points that corresponded to the state of paradoxical sleep was absent. Two clusters were still evident and corresponded to wakefulness and slow wave sleep, which was characterized by higher than normal EMG amplitude and PGO spike rate. Whereas medial caudal pontine lesions alone did not reproduce these effects, lateral caudal pontine lesions did. These results suggest that cells and/or fibers located within the lateral tegmental field rather than those within the medial gigantocellular tegmental field of the pons are most important for the generation of the cluster of events that characterize paradoxical sleep.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Timing, mechanism and clinical setting of witnessed deaths in postmyocardial infarction patients.

The temporal distribution and mechanism of death were studied in a large multicenter secondary prevention trial (Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study) in which acute witnessed death represented 72% (270 of 376) of the deaths due to arteriosclerotic heart disease. Instantaneous deaths represented 28.9% (78 of 270) of the acute witnessed deaths; 45.2% (122 of 270) occurred in the first hour after the onset of symptoms and were defined as sudden deaths. In the subsequent 23 hours, an additional 113 deaths (41.8%) occurred and were defined as intermediate deaths; 29 late deaths (10.7%) occurred after 24 hours. Cardiac arrhythmia was the mechanism of death in 83% (194 of 235) of deaths within 24 hours. Univariate analysis of baseline clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics indicates that a history of congestive heart failure, cardiomegaly, angina pectoris, multiple myocardial infarctions and therapy with digitalis and nitroglycerin were more common in those who died than in survivors, regardless of the timing of death.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1984

Pictures of treatment by Gill and Schafer.

Roy Schafer and Merton Gill evoke two historically distinguished images of psychoanalytic treatment, one showing analysis elaborating life histories, and the other picturing the analyst as stirring transference embers into flame. A close examination of their implied theories of therapeutic action suggests that they mainly differ on whether allusions to the analyst are often localized in certain gestures or are always uniformly distributed throughout the patient's presentation. Because of this theoretical difference, these authors use different means to invite new experience, and they weigh differently the advantage of having a firm guide to turning-points in behavior against the advantage of maintaining an unconfinable curiosity.

Emotions↗
PubMed1983

Atlas of catecholamine perikarya, varicosities and pathways in the brainstem of the cat.

By application of a modified glyoxylic acid--paraformaldehyde histofluorescence technique, catecholamine perikarya, varicosities, and pathways were delineated within the brainstem of kittens that were either untreated, pretreated pharmacologically, or injected intracerebrally with 6-OHDA. Three principle catecholamine cell groups were identified within the medulla and pons; the dorsomedial medullary cell group, the dorsolateral pontine cell group, and a ventrolateral cell group extending from the medulla into the pons. Induced axonal accumulation of catecholamines with intracerebral 6-OHDA injections revealed a major longitudinal catecholamine bundle which courses in a dorsolateral position through the entire brainstem tegmentum. The dorsomedial medullary and dorsolateral pontine cell groups contribute ascending and descending fibers to this bundle. Axons of the ventrolateral pontomedullary cells also feed into the bundle at successive levels through radially coursing transverse fibers. Via this major dorsolateral conduit and its ventrally and medially coursing tributaries, catecholamine fibers and terminals are distributed to multiple nuclei through the brainstem. The regions of the catecholamine cell groups and the serotonin raphe nuclei all receive a dense catecholamine innervation. Varicosities are also dense in the visceral cranial nerve nuclei, moderately dense in most somatic spinal and cranial nerve motor nuclei, and moderate to light in sensory cranial nerve and relay nuclei. The lateral and ventromedial reticular formation are moderately innervated by varicose catecholamine fibers that traverse these regions. The longitudinal catecholamine bundle continues caudally into the lateral funiculus to descend into and innervate the spinal cord. Rostrally it continues into the tegmental fascicles of the midbrain to ascend into and innervate the diencephalon and there join the medial forebrain bundle to ascend into the telencephalon. Thus, the catecholamine neurons utilize this dorsolateral longitudinal bundle to distribute collaterals to multiple bulbar nuclei and to travel beyond the brainstem to innervate the spinal cord and forebrain.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The Coronary Drug Project. Role of the National Institutes of Health.

A clinical trials staff within an Institute is essential for adequate participation in and monitoring of any large cooperative clinical trial supported by that Institute. At minimum such a staff should consist of a medical scientist with professional interests and experience in clinical trials methodology; a biometrician with direct experience and interest in the design, large-scale data collection, data analysis, and quality control needs of such trials; a contract specialist; and additional consultants in the technical areas related to the clinical disease or intervention study, such as pharmacology, laboratory operations, computer science, or other areas. The continuity of professional development and experience of such a staff is essential to expand the capabilities for participation and advancement of this rapidly developing science of the design, organization, and conduct of cooperative clinical trials.

Biometry↗
PubMed1983

Acceptance of allogeneic fibroblasts in skin equivalent transplants.

Living skin equivalents (SE) were prepared by combining cultured fibroblasts with a collagen matrix and overlaying this lattice with keratinocytes. SEs prepared using allogeneic female rat fibroblasts or xenogeneic rabbit or human fibroblasts and keratinocytes isogeneic to the graft recipient were transplanted to recipient male rats. Biopsies of some of these SE grafts were examined histologically at intervals ranging from 5 days to 2 months. Biopsies of other grafts were done, and fibroblasts grown from them were karyotyped to determine the percentage of donor fibroblasts remaining in the graft. SEs containing xenogeneic fibroblasts were rejected. Allografted fibroblasts in SEs were accepted by recipient rats after a transient mononuclear cell response. A second SE allograft from the same donor strain did not provoke rejection either in the original allograft or in the challenge allograft. A secondary graft of allogeneic skin did not provoke rejection in the original SE graft, although the skin graft was rejected. Grafting the recipient first with allogeneic skin and then with the SE allograft led to rejection of the skin but not of the SE graft, ruling out the possibility that suppressor T cells were responsible for SE allograft acceptance. Allografted fibroblasts in SEs do not provoke a rejection response, even in presensitized animals, do not render the recipient tolerant to allogeneic skin, and do not act as targets when active rejection is taking place. We propose that cells bearing class I antigens may be acceptable graft constitutents if incorporated in a tissue equivalent excluding cells with class II antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Mentally handicapped children in special schools in Israel: a focus on social behavior.

As a part of a needs-assessment study, done in Israeli special schools for the mentally handicapped, social skills and personality characteristics were assessed on the Adaptive Behavior Scale (Nihira, Foster, Shellhaas, & Lelans, 1974). Structured observations were done in the classrooms of the behavior of each child and classroom climate questionnaire was administered to the children. Social behavior was found to be multidimensional consisting of: independence skills, personal maladaptive behaviors and social maladaptation. Correlations done between the ABS dimensions and the observations and classroom's climate, indicated that the more active and agitated child was less successful in terms of "vocational activity" and "self direction" (ABS domains), which were the behaviors most valued by the teachers. The more active child was also characterized by exhibiting positive and negative social behaviors, as indicated by responses given to the classroom climate questionnaire. The general implications of the study to social learning programs are that any curriculum in this area should take into consideration the multidimensionality of social behavior while at the same time take into account the socio-cultural pattern of the society and the personality makeup of mentally handicapped children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The humanistic trend in recent psychoanalytic theory.

What seems at first to be a humanistic trend in recent psychoanalytic thinking may actually be the culmination of a holistic movement that began soon after Freud. As theory, it carries with it many built-in difficulties and requires implicit support from the partializing parent theory. In the shadow of that older theory, however, it makes a number of important contributions, including attention to meaning as made, not just discovered, and the importance of the analyst's attitudes in treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

How affiliation affects stress in fear and anxiety situations.

In this study I have attempted to determine why the presence of calm others reduces one's arousal in a fear situation but intensifies one's arousal in an anxiety situation. In the fear situation, the person anticipated receiving a physically painful stimulus, whereas in the anxiety condition, the person anticipated receiving an innocuous but embarrassing stimulus. The results of three experiments indicated that (a) a person stressed by fear context only undergoes stress reduction with a calm other present if he can look at the calm other; (b) the mere presence of a co-participant is stress inducing for a person stressed by an anxiety context; (c) the stressed fear person directs attention outward toward impinging environmental stimuli, whereas the highly aroused anxiety person does not or cannot do so. It was argued that stressed fear persons are able to model a calm co-participant because their attention is directed outward, whereas stressed anxiety persons cannot model a calm co-participant because their attention is turned inward. Some ideas are offered as to how a calm model may be able to serve as a stress preventer for a person in an anxiety situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Protecting the scientific integrity of a clinical trial: some ethical dilemmas.

Physicians who participate in clinical trials are mandated or encouraged to adhere to fundamental conditions than enhance the scientific validity of medical research. In some situations compliance with the study protocol may threaten the delivery of optimal care and raise ethical dilemmas among the staff. Moral conflicts may occur with respect to recruitment, control groups, randomization, blind assignments, patient withdrawals, and the use of supplementary therapies that could weaken statistical power. In designing and managing clinical trials, steps can be taken to reduce the likelihood of conflict between scientific inquiry and medical practice. Special means of protecting patients in the study can be introduced. Recognizing the existence of ethical dilemmas is a necessary prelude to the quest for objective solutions.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗