Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to L E Sever.
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Members of the workgroup on birth defects and developmental disorders discussed methods to assess structural anomalies, genetic changes and mutations, fetal and infant mortality, functional deficits, and impaired fetal and neonatal growth. Tier 1 assessments for all five adverse reproductive outcomes consist of questionnaires and reviews of medical records rather than laboratory testing of biologic specimens. The work-group members noted a role for neurodevelopmental testing and for limited genetic studies, such as karyotyping in Tier 2 assessments. Emerging methodologies to identify chromosomal aberrations, DNA adducts, and repair inhibition were reserved for Tier 3.
This report describes strategies used to provide diagnostic follow-up and treatment services to low-income women screened through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program.
Biologic capacity for reproduction, or fecundity, may be threatened by environmental contaminants, especially compounds capable of disrupting endocrine pathways. Telephone interviews that focused on reproductive events were conducted with female members of the New York State Angler Cohort Study who became pregnant between 1991 and 1993 and who reported known time to pregnancy (N = 895; 73%). Consumption of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated Lake Ontario sportfish and other factors were ascertained in 1991. The authors classified the women as follows: (a) fecund (time to pregnancy < or =12 cycles; n = 723); (b) having resolved infecundity (time to pregnancy > 12 cycles; n = 81); or (c) having unresolved infecundity (time to pregnancy > 12 cycles without pregnancy; n = 94). Adjusted odds ratios for duration of fish consumption for both resolved and unresolved infecundity were elevated (1.46 and 1.19, respectively), although confidence intervals included unity. Frequency of recent fish consumption was associated with an increased risk for select categories, although confidence intervals included one.
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This paper describes the mechanisms through which parental occupational radiation exposure could affect children's health. It then goes on to review briefly some of the early work on this issue, studies based not on occupational exposures but on the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and on intrauterine x-ray exposure. Most of the discussion focuses on recent studies that have examined risks of childhood cancers and congenital malformations in the offspring of exposed workers, particularly some of the controversy engendered by recent cancer studies.
Occupational and environmental agents are the suspected cause of at least some of the approximately 60% of birth defects whose etiology is unknown. The author discusses studies of birth defects published since 1988. Studies that examine associations between congenital malformations and both maternal and paternal exposures are included.
Statistics suggest that environmental and occupational exposures may be at least partially responsible for an increased incidence of cancer in children. The authors describe the latest findings in this area of research and look at the methodologic concerns that arise and how they affect the derivation of causal inferences from such studies.
There is increasing evidence for reproductive and developmental effects of both maternal and paternal pesticide exposures. Here is a summary of the epidemiologic data, culled from studies in humans, with significant attention to Agent Orange.