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Biomedical subjects

L D Young

Publications and source records attributed to L D Young.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Development of a direct education workshop for cervical cancer prevention in high risk women: the Forsyth County project.

With funding from the National Cancer Institute, a public health education program was developed with the primary objective of increasing the proportion of black women in Forsyth County, North Carolina, who receive Pap smears on a regular basis. This paper reports on the development and implementation of the direct education component of the program. The content of the workshop was based on community analysis of current knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in the target population, and a review of relevant literature on cervical cancer and the Pap smear. Methods for presentation of the content were refined through three pilot tests. Audiovisual materials were also developed to illustrate key points. The direct education component of the program was designed to function as a short workshop and includes an overview of healthy lifestyles, coverage of the importance of early detection of cancer, a description and discussion of the pelvic exam and the Pap smear, and a discussion of common barriers to obtaining Pap smears on a regular basis. Evaluation of the workshop emphasizes process measures, including a questionnaire to collect demographic information and impressions of the presentation. Interim results of the evaluation are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Length of stay on a psychiatry-medicine unit.

To assess the efficiency of a medical-psychiatric unit over 3 years, several studies were carried out on one combined psychiatry-medicine unit. On the Behavior Evaluation and Treatment Unit of the Medical College of Wisconsin, Division of General Hospital Psychiatry, average length of stay was calculated in successive cohorts of 28-31 consecutive patients (total 358 patients). Medical-surgical and psychiatric diagnoses were compared over a 2 1/2-year span; psychiatry diagnoses were compared to those on other units; and acuity of illness was measured comparatively by various methods. Length of stay decreased from more than 20 to less than 15 days. This effect did not appear to be directly related to diagnostic changes. Only minor increases in range of psychiatric diagnostic categories and changes in proportion of certain disorders were found. The acuity level was descriptively intermediate between that of a general medicine and that of a general psychiatry unit. Factors that could be related historically to these findings were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Tranquilizer use before and after coronary bypass operation.

High rates of tranquilizer use in coronary disease have been previously reported. In patients being evaluated for coronary disease, tranquilizer use has been related to myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, neurotic traits, employment and the use of cardioactive and other medications. In this study, responses of 1046 male patients to a questionnaire assessing biological, psychological and social variables before and after coronary bypass surgery were related to tranquilizer use. The effect of CABG was to decrease tranquilizer use. Tranquilizer use prior to coronary bypass operations was related to neuroticism, myocardial infarction and taking cardiac and analgesic medication. Similar findings were noted after coronary bypass operations except that angina pectoris was added as a contributor to tranquilizer use. The multivariate analysis tended to confirm the univariate findings, except that neurotic traits did not make an independent contribution. These results indicate that in patients undergoing coronary evaluations, cardiac disease variables other than coronary atherosclerosis determine tranquilizer use. Neurotic traits play a secondary role. Relief of angina pectoris appears to be particularly important in reducing tranquilizer use. The finding of angina pectoris after coronary bypass operation may have special significance for the continuation of tranquilizer use.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Chest pain and behavior in suspected coronary artery disease.

This study assessed behavioral activity, dietary and emotional variables among patient cohorts with angina pectoris, atypical chest pain, and no chest pain in whom coronary disease is suspected. Questionnaire responses of 3,899 employed male patients at the time of coronary arteriography were analyzed. Patients with angina pectoris had high levels of coronary-prone and neurotic attitudes, and fatigue variables including feeling unrested on awakening, easy fatiguability, reducing activity at work and arriving home tired. Atypical chest pain patients showed coronary-prone and neurotic attitudes similar to the angina pectoris group but had less coronary occlusion and lower levels of fatigue variables. Compared to the other groups, atypical chest pain patients were more likely to skip breakfast and showed a trend to eat fast. These findings suggest that including assessment of activity levels, fatiguability, eating behavior, neurotic traits and coronary-prone attitudes at time of coronary arteriography can have some limited value for patients with chest pain who may seek cardiac treatment but could benefit from alternative approaches.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1987

The assessment of pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Validity of a behavioral observation method.

It is difficult to objectively measure pain in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A behavioral observation method for the assessment of RA pain has been developed. In this study, videotapes were made of 53 RA patients while they performed standardized maneuvers. Trained raters viewed the videotapes and recorded the frequencies of 7 pain behaviors. Clinical and laboratory measures of rheumatoid disease activity also were recorded for each patient. Rheumatology fellows viewed 20 randomly chosen video recordings of the patients and made global estimates of the intensity and unpleasantness of pain. Significant positive correlations were found between total pain behavior scores and measures of disease activity. The fellows' estimates of the intensity and unpleasantness of the patients' pain also were significantly and positively correlated with the total pain behavior scores. The behavioral observation method may be useful in the assessment of RA pain and may be included as an objective outcome measure in clinical trials with RA patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effects of psychological therapy on pain behavior of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Treatment outcome and six-month followup.

A randomized clinical trial was performed to evaluate a psychological treatment intervention and a social support program, compared with a control program in which no adjunct treatment was rendered, and their effects upon pain behavior, affect, and disease activity of 53 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The psychological intervention produced significant reductions in patients' pain behavior and disease activity at posttreatment. Significant reductions were also observed in trait anxiety at posttreatment and 6-month followup. Relaxation training may have been the most important component of the psychological intervention. The social support program produced a significant reduction in trait anxiety only at posttreatment. This is the first well-controlled study to demonstrate reduced pain behavior, disease activity, and trait anxiety following psychological treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of the Milwaukee Neurotic Trait Screening Scale with the Symptom Check List.

Responses from 45 volunteers to the Milwaukee Neurotic Trait Scale (NT) and to the Hopkins Symptom Check List (SCL-90R) were compared. The NT scale was significantly correlated with the subscales of the SCL-90R. Second, agreement for high, middle, and low scores was found between the NT Scale and the SCL-90R Global Severity Index and Positive Symptom Total. These limited findings, based on a small sample of students, are promising and warrant replication with different and larger groups of adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Justification of unilateral hysterectomy-ovariectomy as a model to evaluate uterine capacity in swine.

Experimental objectives were to measure the effect of ovulation rate on litter size at 86 d of gestation and at farrowing in 110 unilaterally hysterectomized-ovariectomized (UHO) gilts and in 142 intact, control gilts and to evaluate postnatal survival and development of progeny. Surgery (UHO) was performed on gilts 8 to 12 d following first estrus. Control and UHO gilts were mated and then randomly assigned to be slaughtered at d 86 of gestation or allowed to farrow. Gilts scheduled to farrow were observed by laparoscopy on d 40 of gestation to count corpora lutea (CL). Ovulation rate (number of CL) was similar for control (12.1 CL) and UHO (11.9 CL) gilts, thus indicating that compensatory ovarian hypertrophy had occurred in UHO gilts and resulted in a near doubling of ova per uterine horn relative to control gilts. Average litter size at 86 d of gestation and farrowing was greater (P less than .01) for control than UHO gilts. At farrowing, litter size for control and UHO gilts was 9.0 +/- .3 and 5.7 +/- .3 pigs, respectively. Fetal losses were greater and pig weights at birth were less in litters by UHO gilts. Postnatal pig survival, growth rate to 14 d of age and 14-d individual pig weight did not differ for progeny of control and UHO gilts, and performance of UHO pogeny did not appear to compromise the usefulness of this animal model. Regression of litter size on ovulation rate was .41 +/- .15 pigs/CL for UHO and .60 +/- .12 pigs/CL for control gilts at d 86 of gestation. Regression was .07 +/- .17 pigs/CL for UHO and .42 +/- .14 pigs/CL for control gilts at farrowing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The assessment of pain in rheumatoid arthritis: disease differentiation and temporal stability of a behavioral observation method.

An observation method for the assessment of pain behaviors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been developed. We investigated the extent to which the frequencies of pain behaviors differentiated patients with RA and patients with chronic low back pain from depressed and nondepressed, pain free, control subjects. The reliability of the pain behavior frequencies of patients with RA across 2 observation sessions also was determined. Total pain behavior scores clearly differentiated patients with RA and low back pain from depressed and nondepressed, pain free, control subjects. Pain behavior observed in patients with RA showed a high degree of stability over time. The results of our study suggest that the behavioral observation method will prove useful in the assessment of RA pain in clinical and research settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Psychological comparison of patients with nutcracker esophagus and irritable bowel syndrome.

UNLABELLED: Recent evidence suggests that psychological factors may affect esophageal as well as intestinal motility. To study this further, we compared the psychological profiles of 20 irritable bowel patients and 20 patients with recurrent noncardiac chest pain associated with high-amplitude peristaltic contractions in the distal esophagus, the "nutcracker esophagus." Three control groups with 20 patients each also were evaluated. The Millon Behavioral Health Inventory was administered to all subjects. This is a 150-item self-report instrument developed to assess psychological impact of medical illnesses in nonpsychiatric populations. The nutcracker and irritable bowel patients differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from controls on scales of gastrointestinal susceptibility and somatic anxiety, suggesting that these patients react to psychological stress with an increase in symptom frequency and severity. They also tend to be hypochondriacal and seek early medical care. Irritable bowel patients, however, have a more generalized disorder, as they also scored significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than the other groups on three general measures of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSION: as previously observed in the irritable bowel syndrome, emotional factors may modulate pain perception in the nutcracker esophagus. Simple psychometric instruments like the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory may be useful in identifying these patients who may benefit from psychotropic drugs or behavior modification.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Persistence of learned helplessness in humans.

The duration of the effects of a common learned helplessness induction procedure, exposure to insoluble concept-formation problems, was assessed by varying the interval between the induction procedure and subsequent exposure to soluble anagrams. Participants tested immediately or 30 min after the induction procedure exhibited reliable helplessness deficits on all dependent measures. These effects, relative to the performance of a nonhelpless control group, were absent in subjects who experienced delays of 2 or 6 hr before anagram testing. The implications of these results for the development of more enduring helplessness effects and for the conducting of research into analogue intervention are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

Genetic variation in testicular development and its relationship to female reproductive traits in swine.

In situ length and width of both testes and body weight were recorded on 40 Chester White, 60 Landrace, 60 Large White and 62 Yorkshire boars born in the spring and on 57 Duroc, 54 Hampshire, 57 Pietrain and 50 Spot boars born in the fall. Testicular biopsies on one-half of the boars in each breed group were evaluated for percentage of tubules with complete spermatogenesis and for diameter of tubules. Testicular volume of both testes was estimated at 98 and 154 d of age and 36 and 81 kg. Breed effects were significant for all testicular traits except testicular volume at 36 kg in the spring farrowing and testicular volume at 98 d of age in the fall farrowing. The estimate of heritability for testicular volume was low at 98 d of age (.12 +/- .14) but large at 154 d of age (.55 +/- .12). Heritability estimates for testicular volume were lower at constant weights (.11 +/- .14 and .14 +/- .12) than at constant ages (.12 and .55). Heritability estimates for traits measured by biopsy were moderate to large (.22 +/- .22 to .78 +/- .18). Phenotypic correlations of in situ testicular volume with traits measured by biopsy were moderate and positive when estimated within a breed (.16 to .52). Genetic correlations of testicular volume at constant ages and weights with traits measured by biopsy were moderate to large and positive (.58 to greater than 1.0); similar correlations among bred means were quite variable (-.35 to .91). Selection for increased testicular volume would not be antagonistic to selection goals for growth and backfat. However, selection for improvement in traits measured by biopsy may result in undesirable changes in growth rate and backfat probe. Genetic correlations of testicular traits with age at puberty and litter size of females were not consistent in magnitude or sign between the two estimation procedures.

Animals↗