Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

L Cheng

Publications and source records attributed to L Cheng.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

A clinical investigation on garlicin injectio for treatment of unstable angina pectoris and its actions on plasma endothelin and blood sugar levels.

To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of garlicin for treatment of unstable angina pectoris (UAP), garlicin injectio was intravenously dripped 60 mg/day in 34 cases for 10 days. Nitroglycerine was used in 21 cases of the control group. The results showed that the total effective rates in improving symptoms and electrocardiogram after garlicin treatment were respectively 82% and 62%, and that the plasma endothelin and blood sugar levels were markedly lowered in cases with hyperglycemia.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Evaluation of performance and blood compatibility of polyethersulfone hollow fiber plasma separator].

In this study, we evaluated the performance and blood compatibility of polyethersulfone hollow fiber membrane plasma separator by animal experiment. Hemolysis did not occur under the usual conditions of plasma separation. The sieving coefficients of total protein, albumin and globulin were over 95%, and about 60% of total plasma were extracted from the whole blood. White blood cells, platelets, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors were decreased during the early stage of plasma separation and appeared to be within acceptable ranges for clinical use.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[A case-control study on the risk factors of esophageal cancer in Linzhou].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of prevalence and influencing factors on the genesis of esophageal cancer. METHODS: A population-based 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted in Linzhou. A total number of 352 pairs of cases and controls matched on sex, age and neighborhoods. Data was analysed by SAS software to calculate the odds ratio of and to evaluate the relative risks. RESULTS: It was found that lower socio-economic status, environmental pollution around the residential areas, lampblack in room, lower body mass index (BMI), more pickled food intake, cigarette smoking, alcoholic drinking, vigor mental-trauma and depression were risk factors of esophageal cancer. It also showed that the subjects having had history of upper digestive tract operation, dysplasia of esophagus and family history of carcinoma markedly increased the risks of developing esophageal cancer. CONCLUSION: Esophageal cancer seemed to be resulted from the combination of genetic and environmental factor, hence called for of medical surveillance and comprehensive prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[A preliminary study on the incidence of cedar pollinosis in district of Wuhan].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of cedar pollinosis in district of Wuhan. METHOD: A survey relative to cedar pollinosis was carried out in 309 students in Hubei Medical University in 1999, including questionnaire investigation, nasal inspection and scratch test. From February to April of 2000, a clinical investigation of cedar pollinosis was adopted among 205 patients of allergic rhinitis including scratch test and nasal mucosa test. RESULT: 1. The positive rate of cedar pollen scratch test of 309 students was 7.8%. 2. 59 cases (28.8%) was hypersensitive to cedar pollen clinically in allergen test. CONCLUSION: Cedar pollinosis is one kind of important pollinosis in district of Wuhan and should be paid high attention to.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Effects of amiloride on calcium current in thyroxine-induced hypertrophied rat heart].

AIM: The L-Type calcium currents were investigated in normal, hypertrophied and amiloride-treated rat ventricular myocytes so as to clarify the possible cause of the action potential lengthening that has been reported in thyroxine-induced hypertrophy. The interactions between agents such as thyroxine, Ang II and phenylephrine which induced hypertrophy with amiloride on the calcium current were analyzed. METHODS: Myocardial hypertrophy was induced by i.p. L-thyroxine in rats. The cell length, cell width and cell area were measured by image analysis technique. For recording ICaL, the whole cell patch clamp technique was used. Potassium currents were suppressed by replacing K+ ions with Cs+ ions in intracellular media, and sodium current was blocked by 50 mumol.L-1 tetrodotoxin. RESULTS: The Ca2+ current was found to be larger in hypertrophied cells (783pA) than in normal cells (433pA) and in amiloride-treated cells (429pA). However, no significant difference was observed in current density (6.54, 8.33, 5.74 pA/pF) in normal, hypertrophied and amiloride-treated cells. ICa displayed the same voltage dependence in three cell types. The potential giving 50% of activation (V1/2) moved towards more negative and the slope of activation curve was smaller in hypertrophied cells than in normal cells and amiloride cells. When expressed as percentages, the maximal increases in ICa were obtained with 1 mumol.L-1 Ang II and 100 mumol.L-1 phenylephrine in normal cells (+45.5% and +81.8%). Thyroxine 100 mumol.L-1 showed no effect on ICa. After giving amiloride, Ang II and phenylephrine did not increase the amplitude of ICa. CONCLUSION: At the dose of 0.5 mg.kg-1.d-1, amiloride (p.o.) was shown to prevent the amplitude of ICa from increasing and to be effective against increases of amplitude of ICa by Ang II and phenylephrine.

Amiloride↗
PubMed2000

High frequency color Doppler image of choroidal detachment.

PURPOSE: To study the Color Doppler Image (CDI) characteristics of choroidal detachment and the applied value of CDI. METHODS: Seventy-two cases (74 eyes) of choroidal detachment were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: The typical ultragraph of chroridal detachment displayed one or several smooth hemispherical or lobuler circular thick bands, with convex side toward vitreous cavity. Most of the choroidal detachments were located before the equator, a few of them were beyond the equator. CDI displayed blood flow singnal in the band. Pulse Doppler showed the frequency spectrum features of retinal detachment band were similar to those of central retinal vessels, whereas the frequency spectum features of choroidal detachment bend resembled those of ciliary artery in some cases of retinal detachment (RD) accompanied by choroidal detachment. CONCLUSION: CDI could make a correct and precise diagnosis of choroidal detachment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Ex vivo culture of cord blood CD34+ cells expands progenitor cell numbers, preserves engraftment capacity in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice, and enhances retroviral transduction efficiency.

Ex vivo culture of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells could potentially improve the efficacy of human placental/umbilical cord blood (CB) in clinical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation and allow gene transduction using conventional retroviral vectors. Therefore, we first examined the effects of a 7-day period of ex vivo culture on the hematopoietic capacity of CB CD34+ cells. Medium for the ex vivo cultures contained either serum and six recombinant human hematopoietic growth factors (GFs), including Flt-3 ligand (FL), Kit ligand (KL = stem cell factor), thrombopoietin (Tpo), interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), or a serum-free medium containing only FL, KL, and Tpo. After culture under both ex vivo conditions, the total numbers of viable cells, CD34+ cells, colony-forming cells (CFCs), and long-term culture initiating cells (LTC-ICs) were increased. In contrast, the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse engrafting potential (SEP) of cultured cells was slightly decreased, as compared with fresh cells. Nevertheless, cultured human CB CD34+ cells were able to generate engraftment, shown to persist for up to 20 weeks after transplantation. We next tested the efficacy of retroviral transduction of cultured cells. Transduced cultured human cells were able to engraft in NOD/SCID mice, as tested 4 weeks after transplantation, and EGFP+CD34+ cells and EGFP+ CFCs were isolated from the chimeras. Thus, although additional improvements in ex vivo culture are still needed to expand the numbers and function of human HSCs, the current conditions appear to allow gene transduction into hematopoietic SCID engrafting cells, while at least qualitatively preserving their in vivo engraftment potential.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Urothelial papilloma of the bladder. Clinical and biologic implications.

BACKGROUND: An international consensus has been reached regarding diagnostic criteria for papilloma of the urinary bladder. However, the incidences of recurrence and progression in patients with urothelial papilloma are uncertain. METHODS: The population for this study consisted of 52 patients who were diagnosed with urothelial papilloma of the bladder at the Mayo Clinic between 1914 and 1998. All histologic slides were reviewed and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of urothelial papilloma from the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology classification system. No patients had previous or coexistent urothelial carcinoma, and none were treated after biopsy. RESULTS: The mean patient age at diagnosis was 57 years (range, 22-89 years). The male-to-female ratio was 1.9:1. The mean follow-up was 9.8 years (range, 0.1-58 years). Four patients developed recurrent papilloma (mean interval from diagnosis to recurrence, 3.3 years); 1 other patient developed papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential (Ta WHO Grade 1 papillary urothelial carcinoma) 6 years after the initial diagnosis of papilloma. None of these patients developed dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or invasive urothelial carcinoma or died of bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with urothelial papilloma have a low incidence of recurrence and rarely, if ever, develop urothelial carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential. Clinical and biologic implications.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the long term outcomes of patients with papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (LMP) is limited. METHODS: The authors studied 112 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with papillary urothelial neoplasms of LMP (formerly Ta, World Health Organization Grade 1 of 3 papillary urothelial carcinoma) at the Mayo Clinic between 1958 and 1963. All histologic slides were reviewed and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology classification system. RESULTS: Patient age at diagnosis ranged from 33 to 99 years (mean, 65 years). The male-to-female ratio was 3:1. The mean follow-up was 12.8 years (range, 0.1-35 years; median, 11.7 years). Twelve patients had biopsy-proven, noninvasive urothelial carcinoma; 17 patients had cystoscopically detected recurrences (all were treated by fulguration without biopsy); and 4 patients developed invasive urothelial carcinoma (including 2 with muscle-invasive carcinoma). Twelve (75%) of 16 patients with biopsy-proven recurrence or progression had cancer dedifferentiation, which resulted in a diagnosis of higher grade cancer than was indicated on initial biopsies. The mean interval from initial diagnosis to development of invasive carcinoma was 13.3 years (range, 10-14 years). Three patients died of bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with papillary urothelial neoplasms of LMP have increased risks of local recurrence, progression, and death from bladder carcinoma. Long term clinical follow-up may be indicated for patient management.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Correlation of margin status and extraprostatic extension with progression of prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The correlation of surgical margins and extraprostatic extension (EPE) with progression is uncertain with regard to prostate carcinoma patients treated by radical prostatectomy. The objective of this study was to define factors predictive of cancer progression; emphasis was placed on surgical margins and their relation to extraprostatic extension. METHODS: The study group consisted of 377 patients who were treated by radical retropubic prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy at the Mayo Clinic between 1986 and 1993. All specimens were totally embedded and whole-mounted. Patients ranged in age from 41 to 79 years (mean, 65 years). Those with seminal vesicle invasion or lymph node metastasis and those treated preoperatively with radiation or androgen deprivation were excluded. Final pathologic T classifications were pT2a (41 patients), pT2b (237), and pT3a (99). Progression was defined as biochemical failure (prostate specific antigen [PSA] >0.2 ng/mL), clinical or biopsy-proven local recurrence, or distant metastasis. The mean follow-up was 5.8 years (range, 0.2-11.4 years). Seventy-nine patients who received adjuvant treatment within 3 months after surgery were excluded from survival analysis. RESULTS: The overall margin positivity rate was 29%. Seventy-two patients (19%) had only positive surgical margins without evidence of EPE ("surgical incision"), 53 (14%) had only EPE, 37 (10%) had both, and 215 (57%) had neither. Positive margins were correlated with the finding of EPE (P = 0.003). Progression free survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 88% and 67%, respectively. In univariate analysis, preoperative PSA concentration, positive surgical margins, Gleason grade, cancer volume, and DNA ploidy were significant in predicting progression (P values, <0.001, <0.001, 0.01, 0.007, and <0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, margin status and DNA ploidy were independent predictors of progression (relative risk for margin status, 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-3.4; P = 0.03; relative risk for DNA ploidy, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.4-10.9; P<0.001). Among patients with positive margins, 5-year progression free survival was 78% for those with negative EPE and 55% for those with positive EPE. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical margin status and DNA ploidy were independent predictors of progression after radical prostatectomy. To improve cancer control, adjuvant therapy may be considered for patients with positive surgical margins or nondiploid cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Substaging of T1 bladder carcinoma based on the depth of invasion as measured by micrometer: A new proposal.

BACKGROUND: A significant number of T1 bladder carcinoma patients are understaged by transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB), indicating a substantial need for more accurate staging. METHODS: The authors studied 55 patients with T1 bladder carcinoma detected by TURB at the Mayo Clinic between December 1979 and July 1984. The mean age of the patients was 66 years (range, 50-78 years). All patients were treated by cystectomy. The median interval from TURB to cystectomy was 10 days. Grading was performed according to the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathology grading system. The 1997 TNM classification was used for pathologic staging. In addition, the depth of invasion was measured from the mucosal basement membrane by micrometer. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the usefulness of depth of invasion as a marker for advanced stage bladder carcinoma (>/= T2). RESULTS: The final pathologic stages were Ta (2 patients), T1 (10 patients), T2a (9 patients), T2b (13 patients), T3 (11 patients), and T4 (10 patients) at cystectomy. There was a significant correlation between the depth of invasion at TURB and the final pathologic stage (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.63; P < 0.001). The overall accuracy for the prediction of advanced stage (>/= T2) bladder carcinoma as measured by the area under the ROC curve was 0.89 (standard error, 0.05). Using 1.5 mm as a threshold (with >1.5 mm indicating advanced stage disease), the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 81%, 83%, 95%, and 56%, respectively. Histologic grade at the time of TURB also was associated significantly with final pathologic stage at cystectomy (P = 0.03) whereas stratification of patients according to invasion above or below the muscularis mucosae at TURB was not a significant predictor of final pathologic stage. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study show that substaging of T1 bladder carcinoma according to the depth of invasion (as measured by micrometer) provides significant prognostic information. Therefore the authors recommend that it be reported in specimens obtained by TURB.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Lepidopteran DALP, and its mammalian ortholog HIC-5, function as negative regulators of muscle differentiation.

During myogenesis, reductions in trophic factor availability signal most myoblasts to fuse, up-regulate the expression of muscle-specific genes, and form myotubes. Those cells failing to differentiate into myotubes initiate apoptosis and rapidly die. At present, the signal-transduction molecules that determine whether myoblasts should differentiate or die are largely unknown. In this report, we describe the cloning and characterization of DALP, a small LIM-only type zinc-finger protein that is induced when the intersegmental muscles (ISMs) of the moth Manduca sexta become committed to die at the end of metamorphosis. Forced expression of death-associated LIM-only protein (DALP) in Drosophila results in skeletal muscle atrophy. Ectopic expression of DALP, or its mammalian ortholog Hic-5, blocks differentiation and induces apoptosis in mouse C(2)C(12) myoblasts. Both of these effects can be overcome by contact with normal myoblasts or by ectopic expression of the muscle-specific transcription factor MyoD. Hic-5 expression is specifically and dramatically induced in normal myoblasts that die after removal of trophic support. Taken together, these data suggest that DALP and Hic-5 act upstream of MyoD and function as phylogenetically conserved "switches" to block muscle differentiation and induce death.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Dedifferentiation in the metastatic progression of prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Dedifferentiation is a distinctive feature of cancer progression. Detailed histologic analysis of primary prostate carcinoma and synchronous lymph node metastases may improve our understanding of the complex process of cancer progression and metastasis. METHODS: The authors studied 242 regional lymph node positive prostate carcinoma patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy between 1987 and 1992 at the Mayo Clinic. Patients ranged in age from 47-79 years (median, 66 years). The median follow-up was 6.1 years. Gleason scores of lymph node metastases and primary tumors were compared and correlated with systemic disease progression. Histologic dedifferentiation was defined as a higher Gleason grade in the lymph node metastases than in the primary tumor. Systemic disease progression was defined as the presence of distant metastases documented by biopsies, abdominal computed tomography, plain radiograph, or bone scan. RESULTS: The 5-year systemic progression free survival (PFS) rate was 90%. The Gleason score in the lymph node metastases was higher than in the primary tumor in 45% of patients, lower in 12% of patients, and matched exactly in 43% of patients. The 5-year PFS was significantly different between patients with histologic dedifferentiation (88% +/- 3) and those without dedifferentiation (94% +/- 2) (P = 0.04). Adjusting for the Gleason grade of the primary tumor and total lymph node tumor volume, the relative risk for disease progression associated with dedifferentiation was 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.7-4.7; P = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study demonstrate the morphologic heterogeneity of metastases from prostate carcinoma. There is a trend toward histologic dedifferentiation when prostate carcinoma metastasizes to regional lymph nodes. This dedifferentiation, although univariately significant, was not associated with disease progression when adjusted for lymph node tumor volume.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Hemangioma of the urinary bladder.

BACKGROUND: Hemangioma of the urinary bladder is rare and the long term outcome of patients is unknown. METHODS: The authors evaluated the clinical and pathologic findings in 19 patients with a vesical hemangioma. All patients were treated at the Mayo Clinic between 1932-1998 and had histologic confirmation of the diagnosis. Hemangioma was classified into cavernous, capillary, or arteriovenous types based on conventional criteria from other sites. Clinical information was obtained from chart review. The mean follow-up of the patients was 6.9 years (range, 0.3-25 years). RESULTS: The mean patient age at the time of diagnosis was 58 years (range, 19-76 years) and the male-to-female ratio was 3.7:1. Patients typically presented with macroscopic hematuria and endoscopic findings usually were nonspecific. The diagnosis of hemangioma was suspected in 3 patients (16%) prior to biopsy. There was a predilection for the posterior and lateral walls and the tumor usually was small (range, 0.2-3 cm; median, 0.7 cm) and solitary. The histologic types of hemangioma were cavernous (15 cases), capillary (2 cases), and arteriovenous (2 cases). All patients were treated with biopsy with or without fulguration, except for one patient who was treated with a partial cystectomy. No patients developed a recurrence during a mean follow-up of 6.9 years. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with hemangioma of the urinary bladder have a favorable outcome. Biopsy and fulguration are effective for hemangioma of the bladder when the lesion is small.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Neurofibroma of the urinary bladder.

BACKGROUND: Neurofibroma of the urinary bladder is rare. Only isolated case reports have appeared. Information regarding the long term follow-up of patients with neurofibroma is limited. METHODS: The authors studied 4 cases of neurofibroma of the bladder diagnosed at Mayo Clinic from 1965 through 1990. Immunostains for S-100 protein, neurofilament protein, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin (CAM 5.2; AE 1/3), Type IV collagen, MIB-1, and p53 protein were performed in all cases, as was Alcian blue at pH 2.5. The mean follow-up was 9.6 years (range, 2-18 years). RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 17 years (range, 7-28 years); the male-to-female ratio was 1:1. All four patients exhibited physical stigmata of neurofibromatosis type 1. Clinical presentations included hematuria (one patient), irritative symptoms (two patients), and pelvic mass (one patient). Long term urinary complications included bladder atony (two patients), neurogenic bladder (one patient), and recurrent urinary tract infection with hematuria (one patient). Subsequently, two patients underwent partial cystectomy and one a complete cystectomy. Involvement of the bladder was generalized in all four cases. Three tumors were transmural, showing a diffuse and plexiform pattern of growth; in the fourth case, a superficial biopsy showed only diffuse submucosal growth with conspicuous pseudo-Meissnerian corpuscle formation. An Alcian blue positive, variably collagenized matrix was present in all cases. Tumor cells displayed immunoreactivity for S-100 protein and Type IV collagen in all cases. Neurofilament protein positive axons were evident in three cases; all other immunostains were negative. The mean MIB-1 labeling index was 3.2% (range, 0.9-7.3%). No malignant transformation was observed during a mean follow-up of 9.6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Neurofibroma of the bladder presents early in life, is of the plexiform type with a diffuse component, and usually occurs in the setting of generalized neurofibromatosis type 1 rather than as isolated visceral neurofibromatosis. Malignant transformation did not occur in any of these 4 patients during a mean follow-up time of 9.6 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms and risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Differences in genetic susceptibility to tobacco-induced carcinogenesis appear to modulate an individual's risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Risk for SCCHN may be associated with the null alleles of the carcinogen-metabolizing genes glutathione-S-transferase (GST) T1 and GSTM1. In this study, we evaluated the association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes and risk of SCCHN in a matched case-control study of 162 patients with SCCHN and 315 healthy controls. Our results showed that 53.1% of cases and 42.9% of controls were null for GSTM1, whereas 32.7% of cases and 17.5% of controls were null for GSTT1 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, 19.8% of cases but only 7.9% of controls were null for both genes (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis using logistic regression models, including age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol status and GST genotypes, showed that both of these genotypes remained independent risk factors for disease [adjusted odds ratios (ORs) = 1.50 and 2.27, respectively; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.01-2.23 and 1.43-3.60, respectively). When the genotypes were divided into neither null, either null or both null, there was a dose-response relationship (adjusted OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 0.98-2.30) for the either-null group and (adjusted OR = 3.64, 95% CI = 1.94-6.84) for the both-null group (p < 0.001, trend test). Our findings suggest that the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes are independent risk factors for SCCHN and markers for genetic susceptibility to tobacco-induced carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Tumor size predicts the survival of patients with pathologic stage T2 bladder carcinoma: a critical evaluation of the depth of muscle invasion.

BACKGROUND: Accurate examination of radical cystectomy specimens is critical for stratifying patients into prognostically important groups and determining the need for adjuvant treatment. Evidence has accumulated that cancers invading the superficial muscle wall (T2a) behave similarly to those invading the deep muscle wall (T2b). Quantitative analysis of the depth of invasion in relation to patient outcome is needed. METHODS: The authors systematically evaluated the depth of invasion by micrometer measurement and its relation to the survival of 64 patients with bladder carcinoma pathologic classification as pT2 who had long term follow-up after radical cystectomy. Numerous clinical and pathologic variables were analyzed with univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. The mean age of patients was 64 years, and their mean follow-up was 8.3 years. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in clinical outcome between patients with T2a carcinoma and those with T2b. Lymph node metastasis and tumor size were each significantly associated with distant metastasis free and cancer specific survival. Ten-year distant metastasis free and cancer specific survival were 100% and 94%, respectively, for patients with tumors <3 cm (P = 0.006) and 68% and 73%, respectively, for patients with tumors > or = 3 cm (P = 0.005). After adjustment for lymph node status, tumor size maintained significance in predicting distant metastasis free survival (risk ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.0; P = 0.009) and cancer specific survival (risk ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.9; P = 0.01). Age was associated with recurrence free survival and all-cause survival. None of the other variables, including gender, vascular invasion, presence of carcinoma in situ, pathologic classification (T2a vs. T2b), depth of invasion, depth of muscle invasion, ratio of depth of invasion to bladder wall thickness, and percentage of muscle wall invasion, were significantly associated with patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that the subclassification of T2 bladder carcinoma by depth of muscle invasion is of no prognostic value; conversely, tumor size, an easily measured factor, is predictive of distant metastasis free and cancer specific survival.

Adult↗