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Biomedical subjects

L Chan

Publications and source records attributed to L Chan.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Viremia, fecal shedding, and IgM and IgG responses in patients with hepatitis E.

Viremia, fecal shedding and antibody responses to hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are poorly understood. To better characterize HEV infections, these responses were examined in 67 patients with acute markers for hepatitis E who were admitted to the Infectious Disease Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal in 1993. A single stool and multiple sera from each patient were examined using polymerase chain reaction to detect HEV RNA. Sera were also examined for antibodies to HEV. Viremia, fecal shedding, and IgM and IgG to HEV were detected in 93%, 70%, 79%, and 87% of 67 patients, respectively. Viremia or fecal shedding (or both) were detected in 14 patients from whom IgM and IgG to HEV were not detected. Viremia lasted at least 2 weeks in nearly all subjects and at least 39 days in 1 subject. Our results suggest that viremia is a common occurrence in patients infected with HEV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Transgenic rabbits with the integrated human 15-lipoxygenase gene driven by a lysozyme promoter: macrophage-specific expression and variable positional specificity of the transgenic enzyme.

15-Lipoxygenase is expressed in foamy macrophages of atherosclerotic lesions and has been implicated in the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein during early stages of atherogenesis. To establish an animal model of 15-lipoxygenase overexpression, we created transgenic rabbits that express at high level the human 15-lipoxygenase in monocyte-derived macrophages but not in liver, heart, kidney, lung, or other tissues. The expression level of the enzyme in monocyte-derived macrophages is comparable to that of interleukin 4 (IL4)-treated human monocytes, but more than 20-fold higher than in macrophages of normal rabbits. The transgenic enzyme oxygenates linoleic acid to 13S-hydroperoxy-9, 11 (Z,E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), and arachidonic acid to a mixture of 12S-hydroperoxy-5, 8, 10, 14 (Z,Z,E,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE), and 15S-hydroperoxy-5, 8, 11, 14 (Z,Z,Z,E)-eicosatetraenoic acid (15S-HETE). The 12-HETE/15-HETE ratio varied between 0.3 and 5.4, indicating a remarkable variability in the positional specificity of the transgenic enzyme. Macrophages from normal rabbits consistently produced 12S-HETE as the major oxygenation product. 15-Lipoxygenase-overexpressing rabbits may be used for further mechanistic studies on the implication of lipoxygenase in atherogenesis; they are also an ideal model for testing the in vivo action of 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of a rapid nonisotopic polymerase chain reaction assay with four commonly used methods for the early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in neonates and children.

To initiate antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, it is important to identify human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected infants as soon after birth as possible. This study was undertaken to evaluate a novel 5-hour nonisotopic (NI) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (Amplicor PCR; Roche Molecular Systems) and four other commonly used HIV-1 diagnostic tests including culture, oligonucleotide hybridization PCR, p24 antigen and immune complex-dissociated (ICD) p24 antigen tests and to determine the optimal age at which to perform these tests for the early and rapid diagnosis of HIV-1 in infants and children. We prospectively evaluated 225 infants and children, including 114 neonates, for HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 infection was defined as 2 positive HIV cultures. Of the 225 infants and children, 57 were infected, 138 were uninfected and 30 were of unknown (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Classification P0) status. The sensitivity of NI PCR was 60% in cord blood, 40% at 0 to 2 days, 67 to 80% in the neonate (3 to 30 days) and 95 to 100% after 1 month of age. NI PCR was as sensitive as oligonucleotide hybridization PCR, culture, p24 antigen and ICD p24 antigen in the first 2 months of life and was more sensitive than p24 antigen or ICD p24 antigen thereafter. Specificity was 94% for cord blood and 99 to 100% for all age groups. The majority of HIV-1-infected newborns can be identified with NI PCR if testing is performed at birth and again between the third and fourth weeks of life. For older infants and children 2 NI PCR tests can correctly diagnose 98.5% of infected and uninfected infants and children. NI PCR of umbilical cord blood might also be useful as an initial screening test to identify infants who may be infected with HIV-1.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1995

Use of somatic gene transfer to study lipoprotein metabolism in experimental animals in vivo.

Genetic manipulations of experimental animals have provided valuable information on lipoprotein metabolism in vivo. Somatic gene transfer is a novel method for introducing foreign genes into animals in vivo. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of genes for the LDL receptor, the receptor-associated protein, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein E, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, and apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing protein has resulted in high-level expression of these transgenes in mice and hamsters, and the production of interesting animal models of lipoprotein metabolism. Somatic gene transfer is a valuable tool for analyzing the role of transgenes in lipoprotein metabolism in vivo and for exploring the potential use of specific transgenes for human gene therapy.

APOBEC-1 Deaminase↗
PubMed1995

Enhanced specificity of truncated transmembrane protein for serologic confirmation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infections by western blot (immunoblot) assay containing recombinant envelope glycoproteins.

Immunoassays based on the highly immunogenic transmembrane protein of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) (protein 21c) are capable of detecting antibodies in all individuals infected with HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. However, because of antigenic mimicry with other cellular and viral proteins, such assays also have a large proportion of false-positive reactions. We have recently identified an immunodominant epitope, designated GD21-I located within amino acids 361 to 404 of the transmembrane protein, that appears to eliminate such false positivity. This recombinant GD21-I protein was used in conjunction with additional recombinant HTLV type-specific proteins and a whole virus lysate to develop a modified Western blot (immunoblot) assay (HTLV WB 2.4). The sensitivity and specificity of this assay were evaluated with 352 specimens whose infection status was determined by PCR assay for the presence or absence of HTLV-1/2 proviral sequences. All HTLV-1-positive (n = 102) and HTLV-2-positive (n = 107) specimens reacted with GD21-1 in the HTLV WB 2.4 assay, yielding a test sensitivity of 100%. Furthermore, all specimens derived from individuals infected with different viral subtypes of HTLV-1 (Cosmopolitan, Japanese, and Melanesian) and HTLV-2 (IIa0, a3, a4, IIb1, b4, and b5) reacted with GD21-I in the HTLV WB 2.4 assay. More importantly, HTLV WB 2.4 analysis of 81 PCR-negative specimens, all of which reacted to recombinant protein 21e in the presence or absence of p24 and p19 reactivity in the standard WB assay, showed that only two specimens retained reactivity to GD21-I, yielding an improved test specificity for the transmembrane protein of 97.5%. None of 41 specimens with gag reactivity only or 21 HTLV-negative specimens demonstrated reactivity to GD21-I. In an analysis of additional specimens (n = 169) from different geographic areas for which PCR results were not available, a substantial increase in the specificity of GD21-I detection was demonstrated, with no effect on the sensitivity of GD21-I detection among specimens from seropositive donors. Thus, the highly sensitive, GD21-I-based HTLV WB 2.4 assay eliminates the majority of false-positive transmembrane results, thereby increasing the specificity for serologic confirmation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Hepatic overexpression of bovine scavenger receptor type I in transgenic mice prevents diet-induced hyperbetalipoproteinemia.

Hepatic scavenger receptors (SR) may play a protective role by clearing modified lipoproteins before they target the artery wall. To gain insight into this hypothesized function, transgenic mice expressing hepatic bovine SR (TgSR) were created and studied when fed chow, and during diet-induced hyperlipidemia. SR overexpression resulted in extensive hepatic parenchymal cell uptake of fluorescently labeled acetylated human low density lipoprotein (DiI ac-hLDL) and a twofold increase in 125I-acetylated-LDL clearance. Food intake and cholesterol absorption was indistinguishable between control and TgSR mice. In chow-fed mice, lipoprotein cholesterol was similar in control and TgSR mice. However, on a 3-wk high fat/cholesterol (HFHC) diet, the rise in apoB containing lipoproteins was suppressed in TgSR+/- and TgSR+/+ mice. The rise in HDL was similar in control and TgSR+/- mice, but significantly elevated in the TgSR+/+ mice. Overall, on chow, the ratio of apo-B containing lipoprotein cholesterol to HDL cholesterol was similar for all groups (control = 0.33; TgSR+/- = 0.32; TgSR+/+ = 0.38). However, after 3 wk on the HFHC diet, this ratio was markedly higher in control (2.34 +/- 0.21) than in either TgSR+/- (1.00 +/- 0.24) or TgSR+/+ (1.00 +/- 0.19) mice. In TgSR+/- mice, hepatic cholesteryl esters were reduced by 59%, 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA levels were elevated twofold, and a significant increase in fecal bile acid flux was observed after the 3-wk HFHC diet. These results suggest SR may play a protective role in liver by preventing diet-induced increases in apoB containing lipoproteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Fetal gallbladder growth and development during gestation.

This study sought to establish normal dimensions of the fetal gallbladder throughout pregnancy. The gallbladders in 300 normal fetuses between 15 and 40 weeks of gestation were measured prospectively for length, anteroposterior dimension, and transverse dimension. The gallbladder length, anteroposterior diameter, and transverse diameter have a linear relationship with gestational age between 15 weeks and 30 weeks of gestation, after which a plateau is observed. Calculated gallbladder area, volume, and sagittal perimeter have similar rates of growth in utero. The normative dimensions we have established for the fetal gallbladder throughout pregnancy can be expected to serve as a basis against which aberrant growth can be evaluated prenatally.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1995

Transgenic mouse model for estrogen-regulated lipoprotein metabolism: studies on apoVLDL-II expression in transgenic mice.

We have produced transgenic mice that express an estrogen-responsive avian apolipoprotein, apoVLDL-II. An apoVLDL-II natural gene construct containing 4.7 kb of 5' flanking and 19 bp of 3' flanking sequences together with the 4 exon/3 intron structural gene was expressed in a liver-specific manner in transgenic mice. A single injection of estrogen caused a 5.9- to 7.5-fold stimulation of apoVLDL-II mRNA in the liver. The transgene mRNA had the same initiation sites of transcription as the native mRNA isolated from laying hen liver, and the same sites were used before and after estrogen treatment. The number of hepatocytes that stain positive for immunoreactive apoVLDL-II increased from < 1% to 40-60% in 24 h after estrogen treatment. Thus, in trangenic mice as in the cockerel, hepatocytes are biochemically heterogeneous and induction of apoVLDL-II synthesis occurs by recruitment of hepatocytes. In the plamsa compartment, compared to controls, transgenic mice have a 3- to 5-fold higher basal total plasma triglyceride which was accounted for by a 5.4-fold high basal VLDL triglyceride. Estrogen treatment results in a approximately 2-fold increase in the VLDL triglycerides over basal levels and 8.5-fold increase over nontransgenic mice, which did not show any change in VLDL in response to estrogen. Transgenic mice with the integrated apoVLDL-II gene provide a useful model for the study of the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism by estrogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Ethanol modulates apolipoprotein B mRNA editing in the rat.

We have studied the rat ethanol-liquid diet model for chronic ethanol modulation of lipid homeostasis, apolipoprotein (apo) B production and apoB mRNA editing. Male Wistar rats were fed one of three diets: i) regular chow, ii) an isocaloric liquid diet, or iii) isocaloric ethanol-liquid diet where ethanol accounts for 35.5% of the total calories, for up to 40 days. There was no difference in body weight or liver/body weight ratio among the three groups of animals at the end of the feeding period. Hepatic and plasma triglycerides were elevated in the ethanol-treated animals only, correlated with an accumulation of lipid particles in the liver of these animals. By DNA excess hybridization, the steady state mRNA levels of apoB and apoB mRNA-editing protein relative to actin were not significantly altered. The proportion of edited apoB mRNA; i.e., apoB-48 mRNA/(apoB-48 + B-100) mRNA, increased in a time-dependent manner from approximately 50% to 100% in the ethanol-treated group. It remained unchanged in the chow- and liquid diet-fed animals. The proportion of apoB-48/apoB-100 protein synthesis was determined by [35S]methionine labeling followed by specific immunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amount of newly synthesized apoB-48 increased from 30-50% to > 99% of the total apoB (apoB-48 + apoB-100). This increase in apoB-48 biosynthesis is reflected by an increase in circulating plasma apoB-48 from barely detectable to approximately 50% of total plasma apoB. Fractionation of plasma lipoproteins by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) indicates that the ethanol-induced hypertriglyceridemia is completely accounted for by an increase in plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). The proportion of apoB-48 as a percent of total apoB in the VLDL fraction increased from approximately 50% in controls to > 90% in ethanol-treated animals. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between plasma triglyceride concentration and proportion of edited apoB-mRNA in the liver of ethanol-treated rats, but no direct correlation of the latter with intrahepatic triglyceride content. Ethanol-treated rats represent a new model for studying the regulation of apoB mRNA editing by dietary factors in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Continuous spinal anaesthesia--early experience in University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur.

Continuous spinal anaesthesia using the incremental technique was used in nineteen high risk patients with multiple medical problems, seventeen of whom were elderly, for lower limb orthopaedic and pelvic surgery. An intrathecal catheter (18G/28G) was inserted under local anaesthesia via the lumbar interspinous space. Spinal anaesthesia was induced with small incremental doses of 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride through the intrathecal catheter to achieve the level of analgesia required for surgery. The duration of surgery ranged from 45 to 300 minutes (mean + S.D 100 + 37 min). The initial volume of 0.5% bupivacaine required for surgery ranged from 0.8 ml-2.0 ml (1.2 + 0.7 ml) and the total volume ranged from 0.9 ml to 3.1 ml (mean + S.D 1.4 + 0.7 ml). Haemodynamic stability was well maintained perioperatively. Only two patients required 6 mg of ephedrine and 1 mg of aramine respectively for a greater than 25% reduction in systolic blood pressure with induction of spinal anaesthesia. Intrathecal morphine 0.1-0.3 mg was administered to 15 patients at the end of surgery for postoperative pain relief with good effect. One patient developed late respiratory depression from an inadvertent overdose of intrathecal morphine. No neurological sequelae were noted and no patient developed a postdural puncture headache. The use of the microcatheter was discontinued in the U.S.A and Australia following four case reports of cauda equina syndrome with this technique. Current opinion, however, is that the reported cauda equina syndrome was due to the neurotoxic effects of lignocaine 5% that was used and not due to the microcatheter per se. Continuous spinal anaesthesia is now used widely in Europe when cardiovascular stability is desired in poor risk patients undergoing lower limb and lower abdominal surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Blood cholinesterase levels in the elderly and newborn.

The spectrophotometric method of Ellman was used to determine cholinesterase (ChE) levels in plasma and whole blood in elderly patients and umbilical cord blood of newborn infants. The mean +/- SD for plasma and whole blood ChE levels were 2.24 +/- 0.58 micromol/min/ml and 4.38 +/- 0.65 micromol/min/ml respectively in a group of healthy elderly patients (n = 25). The mean +/- SD for plasma and whole blood ChE levels were 2.23 +/- 0.77 and 3.31 +/- 0.56 respectively in cord blood of healthy full term newborn infants (n = 25). In a group of healthy adult blood donors the general mean +/- SD for plasma and whole blood ChE have been shown to be 2.71 +/- 0.75 and 4.87 +/- 0.73 micromol/min/ml respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that the mean levels of plasma and whole blood ChE in elderly, newborn infants and adults were different (p < 0.001). However, there was no statistical difference between the mean level of plasma ChE in elderly and cord blood but each shared statistically significant difference when compared to the mean level in adults. The mean activity of whole blood ChE in the 3 groups was different from one another. Theoretically, decreased levels of ChE would suggest a careful assessment of drugs that are hydrolysed by ChE.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of rat apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing protein in mice virtually eliminates apolipoprotein B-100 and normal low density lipoprotein production.

Apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 is the major protein component in low density lipoprotein (LDL); it contains the binding domain for the LDL receptor and the attachment site for apolipoprotein(a) in lipoprotein(a). ApoB-48 is colinear with the amino-terminal half of apoB-100 and misses the part of the molecule required for LDL receptor interaction and lipoprotein(a) formation. ApoB-48 mRNA is produced by the editing of apoB-100 mRNA, a process by which the codon CAA for Gln-2153 is changed to UAA, an in-frame stop codon. We used the cloned catalytic component of the rat apoB mRNA-editing enzyme (REPR) to construct a replication-defective recombinant adenoviral vector containing REPR cDNA (AvREPR) and a control vector (Av1LacZ4) containing a beta-galactosidase cDNA to investigate the effect of REPR gene delivery in C57BL/6 mice. Intravenous injection of AvREPR in mice resulted in efficient transduction of liver cells, where REPR mRNA and protein were overexpressed, reaching a peak at 7 and 12 days, returning toward control levels at 39 days after AvREPR administration. ApoB mRNA editing activity in liver extracts showed changes parallel to those of REPR mRNA expression; the proportion of edited apoB mRNA in the total hepatic apoB mRNA increased from approximately 60% to more than 90% at the peak of REPR expression. The proportion of plasma apoB-100 in AvREPR-transduced animals decreased from approximately 50% to < 10% of total plasma apoB concentration. Plasma very low density lipoproteins were polydisperse in control animals with an average diameter of 54.9 +/- 20.6 nm (uninjected control) and 54.7 +/- 16.8 nm (Av1LacZ4-treated), respectively. They became much smaller (average diameter 39.3 +/- 12.7 nm) and more uniform in size at day 12 following AvREPR administration. On the same day, the normal plasma LDL (26.2-25.5 nm) was almost completely eliminated in treated animals. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the REPR cDNA is an efficient method to reduce plasma apoB-100 and normal LDL production.

APOBEC-1 Deaminase↗
PubMed1994

Mouse very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) cDNA cloning, tissue-specific expression and evolutionary relationship with the low-density-lipoprotein receptor.

The very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a recently described lipoprotein receptor that shows considerable similarity to the low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). This receptor has been suggested to be important for the metabolism of apoprotein-E-containing triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, such as very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL), beta-migrating VLDL and intermediate-density lipoprotein. cDNA clones that code for the VLDLR were isolated from a mouse heart cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a mature protein of 846 amino acids preceded by a 27-residue signal peptide. Three mRNA species for the VLDLR with sizes of 3.9, 4.5 and 7.9 kilobases were present in high concentration in heart and muscle, which utilize triacylglycerols as an energy source. VLDLR mRNA is also detected in decreasing amounts in kidney, brain, ovary, testis, lung and adipose tissue. It is essentially absent in liver and small intestine. The amino acid sequence of the VLDLR is highly conserved among rabbit, human and mouse. VLDLR contains five structural domains very similar to those in LDLR, except that the ligand-binding domain in VLDLR has an eightfold repeat instead of a sevenfold repeat in LDLR. Sequence conservation among animal species is much higher for the VLDLR than the LDLR. Sequences of the VLDLR from three vertebrate species and the LDLR from five vertebrate species were aligned and a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed. Although both receptors contain five domains and share amino acid sequence similarity, our computations showed that they diverged before the divergence between mammals and amphibians. In addition, sequence comparison of both receptor sequences suggests that the rabbit is evolutionarily closer to man than to the mouse. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the VLDLR and the LDLR have evolved from a common ancestral gene to play distinct roles in lipoprotein metabolism and that the metabolic handling of triacylglycerol by the body via the VLDLR is a highly conserved mechanism.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Dimeric structure of a human apolipoprotein B mRNA editing protein and cloning and chromosomal localization of its gene.

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA editing consists of a posttranscriptional C-->U conversion involving the first base of the codon CAA encoding glutamine-2153 to UAA, a stop codon, in apoB mRNA. Using a cloned rat cDNA as a probe, we cloned the cDNA and genomic sequences of the gene for a human apoB mRNA editing protein. Expression of the cDNA in HepG2 cells results in editing of the intracellular apoB mRNA. By fluorescence in situ hybridization, we localized the gene for the editing protein to chromosome band 12p13.1-p13.2. By Northern blot analysis, it was shown that the human editing protein mRNA is expressed exclusively in the small intestine. The cDNA sequence predicts a translation product of 236-aa residues. By attaching an epitope tag sequence to the C terminus of the editing protein, we examined the polymerization state of the editing protein synthesized in vitro. We found that the editing protein undergoes spontaneous polymerization. The migration of the human apoB mRNA editing protein on an HPLC column and the stoichiometry of polymeric epitope-tagged to untagged protein indicate that the protein exists as a dimer. Dimerization does not require glycosylation of a consensus N-linked glycosylation sequence present in the protein and is not mediated by disulfide bridge formation. The human apoB mRNA editing protein is a cytidine deaminase showing structural homology to some known mammalian and bacteriophage deoxycytidylate deaminases. The latter enzymes exist as homopolymers. The fact that the apoB mRNA editing protein also exists as a homodimer has important implications for the mechanism of apoB mRNA editing in humans.

APOBEC-1 Deaminase↗
PubMed1994

Transgenic mice expressing human lipoprotein lipase driven by the mouse metallothionein promoter. A phenotype associated with increased perinatal mortality and reduced plasma very low density lipoprotein of normal size.

We have produced transgenic mice expressing human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) driven by the mouse metallothionein I promoter. We found that integration of the LPL gene construct was associated with a high perinatal mortality. Animals that survived the first 2 weeks of life grew normally afterwards. Compared with controls, transgenic animals had higher post-heparin plasma LPL and tissue LPL activities. Immunoreactive human LPL was detected in their post-heparin plasma but not in controls. Transgenic animals had significantly lower plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) while on a regular laboratory chow. By electron microscopic analysis and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, the size and morphology of the plasma VLDL were very similar in transgenic and control animals, which suggests that VLDL particles acted on by the increased tissue LPL in the transgenic animals were mostly taken up by the cell without being released back into circulation. The hypertriglyceridemia and elevated VLDL in response to sucrose feeding were completely abolished in transgenic animals. They also had lower VLDL lipids compared with control animals when they were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Feeding the mother of transgenic mice a high-fat diet during pregnancy completely reversed the high perinatal mortality associated with the integrated transgene, which suggests that the deleterious effect of LPL overexpression may be related to the depletion of some essential lipid nutrient.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Structure of the mouse cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene.

Three overlapping cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylasecDNAs were cloned from total mouse liver RNA by a combination of the polymerase chain reaction and mouse liver cDNA library screening. One of the cDNA clones was used to screen a mouse genomic library; three genomic clones were isolated and one of them was fully characterized. The mouse cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene spans approximately 10 kb. The gene contains six exons including a 1509-bp open reading frame encoding 503 amino acid residues. The predicted amino acid sequence of mouse cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase showed 93 and 82% identity to the rat and human enzymes, respectively. The transcription initiation site is mapped to 64 bases 5' of the translation initiation codon. Several transcription factor binding sequences are identified in the 5' flanking region of the mouse cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗