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Biomedical subjects

L Carlier

Publications and source records attributed to L Carlier.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Agri-environmental grass hay: nutritive value and intake in comparison with hay from intensively managed grassland.

Chemical composition, digestibility, nutritive value and intake of hay from an agri-environmental management (EH) were compared with those from hay (Lolium perenne) from an intensive management (IH). IH was of low to moderate quality because of unfavourable weather conditions. EH was harvested mid-June of 2000 (EH1) and 2001 (EH2) on the same sward that had not received mineral fertilizer for 10 years. The EH was characterized by a species-rich botanical composition. On average, it had lower contents of protein (32%), NDF (9%) and ash (35%), and a higher concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates (117%) than IH. Digestibility of dry and organic matter, determined with sheep, was not different between IH and EH and averaged 59 and 63%, respectively. Crude fibre and NDF digestibility were lower in EH (58 and 57%, respectively) than in IH (70 and 69%, respectively). Net energy value for lactation did not differ between IH and EH and amounted to 4.78 MJ per kg DM. True protein digested in the small intestine and rumen degraded protein balance were lower in EH (63 and -60 g per kg DM) than in IH (71 and -33 g per kg DM). Intake of hay was investigated in Holstein-Friesian heifers and Belgian Blue double-muscled heifers (mean BW 280 +/- 22 kg and 269 +/- 21 kg, respectively), and in Belgian Blue non-lactating and non-pregnant double-muscled cows (initial BW 642 +/- 82 kg), using a cross-over design. Hay was freely available. It was supplemented with 1 kg concentrate daily. Dry matter intake from hay was higher for EH than for IH in heifers (4% and 13%, respectively in Holstein-Friesian and Belgian Blue heifers) and in cows (22%). Hay from an agri-environmental management may be used for low-performing animals, as energy intake only exceeded maintenance requirements by 20 to 35%. Several characteristics of EH were different between years, such as dry matter digestibility, net energy value for lactation and fermentable organic matter content.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Limits to nitrogen use on grassland.

Data from nitrogen (N) response experiments on grassland in Belgium and the Netherlands were analysed with the help of a descriptive crop N response model, to identify permissible doses below which no accumulation occurs of residual mineral soil N in autumn. N(min). Using different years as separate sets, a total of 29 data sets were obtained from eight locations on various soil types. A large variation was found in N(min) base levels (unfertilised) between locations and between years at a given location. For doses low enough not to affect crop N recovery, every 100 kg N applied was associated with 3-4 kg residual N(min) in autumn. This is considered very low compared to N(min) base levels, but values differed significantly from zero. After normalising N-doses from different sources (mineral fertiliser and cattle slurry) with the help of a coefficient expressing effectiveness based on crop N uptake, no difference was found between fertiliser and slurry in terms of their effect on residual Nmin. The above also holds for nitrate leaching as measured. The sources do differ, however, with respect to long-term effects and these are quantified with a first-order approximation. It it shown that, also after incorporation of long-term effects, much higher N-doses on grassland are justified than the 170 kg N per ha per year in animal manures currently proposed by the European Commission. On normal productive cut grassland as in the analysed experiments, total N doses in cattle slurry up to 400 kg per ha per year have very little effect on residual N(min), if not accompanied by high fertiliser doses. Introducing limits to the use of animal manures on grassland without limiting the input of mineral fertiliser-N lacks any scientific ground.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2001

Effect of N fertilisation rate, energy supplementation and supplementation strategy on efficiency of N utilisation in the sheep rumen.

The effect of nitrogen (N) fertilisation (200 vs. 400 kg N ha-1 year-1) of pasture cut in the beginning (end of May) and the end (end of August) of the grazing season and of simultaneous or separated feeding of maize and grass (400 kg N ha-1 year-1) on efficiency of N utilisation in the rumen has been studied using four rumen cannulated wethers. Doubling N fertiliser rate increased grass CP production by about 60%, but induced extensive excess of rumen degradable N, reflected in high urinary urea excretion (rpearson = 0.747). The latter was lower (74% at the maximum) when feeding less fertilised or older grass or when supplementing with maize silage. Although simultaneous feeding of maize silage with grass changed patterns of rumen ammonia concentrations, no change in urinary excretion of purine derivatives was observed. Hence, faecal or urinary N excretion was unaffected by the supplementation strategy. Microbial growth efficiency was estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives and fermented OM. The latter was calculated from total rumen CH4 production, based on rumen fermentation stoichiometry and taking into account proportional concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids. Higher levels of intake tended to improve rumen microbial growth efficiency slightly (rpearson = 0.406), which, however, could not compensate for the reduced effective rumen DM degradability (rpearson = -0.442). The latter was apparently associated with a partial shift of the fermentation from the rumen to the hindgut, as suggested from the negative correlation (rpearson = -0.745) between faecal RNA concentrations and rumen effective degradability.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1993

Resting energy expenditure and food-induced thermogenesis in obese children.

Nineteen overweight girls 14.54 +/- 0.38 years of age were studied. Results were compared with those obtained in eight age-matched (14.07 +/- 0.51 years) and sex-matched normal weight controls. Energy expenditure (EE) was determined using open-circuit indirect calorimetry at rest, both after a 12-h fast and after an oral sucrose load of 3 g/kg ideal body weight. Food-induced thermogenesis (FIT) was evaluated by computing the area under the curve of the EE response above resting energy expenditure (REE) during the first 3 h after the sucrose load, REE (kcal/day) was higher in the overweight patients (1,818 +/- 46 vs. 1,527 +/- 67; p = 0.002); REE standardized by fat-free mass (FFM) (kcal/kg FFM/day) was lower in obese children than in controls (35.2 +/- 1.0 vs. 44.9 +/- 1.9; p = 0.0001). A linear correlation between REE and FFM was evidenced in both controls and overweight subjects (r = 0.78 and 0.68, respectively; p = 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Actual REE in the obese children was significantly lower than the value predicted by applying the regression equation of REE on FFM in controls to the actual FFM in obese children (paired t test; p = 0.003). FIT was identical in overweight and normal weight subjects, regardless of whether it was expressed in absolute value, as the percentage calorie intake, or standardized by FFM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Nutritional assessment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

A specific-weight chart and simple clinical tools are sufficient to obtain an accurate diagnosis of undernutrition or obesity among patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The authors collected weight-for-age measures from a sample of 252 boys and anthropometric data from 109 of those boys with DMD. The data confirm the accuracy of the DMD ideal-weight chart previously proposed by Griffiths and Edwards (1988). Obesity may occur from the age of seven years; its prevalence seems to reach 54 per cent by the age of 13 years. Undernutrition occurs after the age of 14 years, involving 54 per cent of boys at about 18 years of age. Obese boys show a centralized body-fat distribution, in agreement with other obese populations.

Adipose Tissue↗