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Biomedical subjects

L B Tyrer

Publications and source records attributed to L B Tyrer.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Obstacles to use of hormonal contraception.

Enabling women to control the timing of their childbearing has positive consequences on their physical and mental well-being as well as for society as a whole. Identifying and removing the obstacles to effective contraceptive use, coupled with improvements in the delivery of contraceptive services, must be given high priority from all sectors, both private and governmental. The consequences to a woman of an unintended pregnancy can be physically, psychologically, and economically far-reaching. Assisting women to control the timing or spacing of their childbearing or to help women effectively prevent any future childbearing is a challenge that must be addressed by health professionals and educators. Therefore identification of women who are at risk of unintended pregnancy as a result of inadequate use of contraception, lack of its use, or use of inappropriate methods is important to help women and couples achieve their reproductive goals as well as to reduce the high rate of unintended pregnancy in the United States. In addition, overcoming common obstacles to effective contraceptive use as well as those within the health service delivery arena will enable women to take better control of and improve their lives.

Contraception↗
PubMed1993

Current controversies and future direction of oral contraception.

Despite their general use for more than 30 years there is ongoing controversy within the medical community and the lay press about the safety of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs). Cervical cancer and breast cancer continue to dominate as controversial issues. Presently, many experts agree that OCPs may accelerate the growth of early breast cancer in certain subgroups of younger women, e.g. with initiation at an early age, before the first pregnancy, when used long term. They do not agree on the profile of the woman at risk, whether this risk continues with older women, and whether the risk is of such significance for certain women that they should not take OCPs. Resolution of issues about risks of dysplasia and invasive cervical cancer will be difficult because of the many variables contributing to causation. It is more of a problem in areas of the world where routine Papanicolaou smears are not available. Controversy continues as to which of the new progestins, norgestimate, desogestrel, or gestodene offers the greatest advantages to OCP users. This is particularly true in the case of gestodene. Only further research will elucidate such questions. There is significant disagreement as to the root causes of high user failure rates with OCPs and how to remedy these. Some experts believe that making OCPs available off prescription and without direct medical supervision is the way to proceed, although other strongly disagree, citing the need to require regular Papanicolaou smears and check-ups to rule out sexually transmitted diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Nutrition and the pill.

Apart from their gynecologic influence as birth control agents, oral contraceptives (OCs) have been shown to affect a number of metabolic and nutritional processes, some insignificantly and others beneficially. The use of contraceptive pills has been shown to decrease the physiologic levels of six nutrients--riboflavin, pyridoxine, folacin, vitamin B12, ascorbic acid and zinc--and to increase the levels of four others--vitamin C, iron, copper and vitamin A. Women who take OCs and have adequate diets need little or no supplemental vitamins. Vitamin and mineral increases caused by OCs do not require treatment.

Avitaminosis↗
PubMed1984

Oral contraception for the adolescent.

Sexual activity among unmarried women aged 15-19 living in metropolitan areas rose 66% in the 1970s. Additionally, teenage pregnancies average 1.2 million yearly. However, based largely upon a 25% increase in contraceptive use, the pregnancy rate among teenagers declined 15% between 1973 and 1978. The data on the use of various contraceptive methods by women aged 15-19 show the Pill to be the first choice (1,539,000). Oral contraceptives are safest for young women, with rare risks of serious cardiovascular complications and no deaths reported from cardiovascular disease for women under 18. In contrast, the mortality risk associated with childbirth for this age group is 11.1 deaths per 100,000 live births. Noncontraceptive health benefits associated with oral contraceptive use, such as a 50% decrease in the risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease, resulting in a protective effect on future fertility, is an excellent rationale for prescribing the Pill for young women who are sexually active. The pill of choice should be one with low doses of both estrogen and progestin yet doses high enough to minimize break-through bleeding, for such bleeding is the most frequent cause of discontinuation. Adolescents require careful screening for contraindications to Pill use prior to initial prescription plus frequent follow-up and monitoring so as to minimize side effects and maximize compliance and continuation of use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Barrier methods.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Contraceptive Devices↗
PubMed1978

Meeting the special needs of pregnant teenagers.

There is no one best method of contraception for postpregnant teenagers. Most emphasis, however, needs to be on preventing unwanted teenage pregnancies. Contraceptive history must be considered in prescribing. Effective and continuing contraceptive use is enhanced by careful counseling and follow-up and sensitivity to the special needs of teenage users of contraceptives for support, reinstruction, reassurance, guarantee of privacy, and comfort in the clinical setting. Use of oral contraceptives or IUDs should be encouraged since their use-effectiveness in teenagers is so much greater than other methods. But even more important is acceptability to the teenager as this provides the greatest assurance that the method will be used effectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The benefits and risks of IUD use.

Next to combination oral contraceptives (OCs), intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are the most effect form of contraception available. IUDs require only one-time motivation, cause no systemic metabolic effects, and do not depend on continued action of the user for effectiveness. Risks, side effects and complications of this method, including expulsion, perforation pain, bleeding and infection, are reviewed.

Abortion, Septic↗
PubMed1977

Contraception in teenagers.

This review of the special problems of contraception in teenagers has focused on the need for increased efforts in sex education and family-planning and abortion services for this age group. A clear-cut need for new imperatives in these areas is apparent from the data showing an alarming increase in the incidence and rates of unwanted teenage pregnancy and the increased incidence of teenage sexual activity, as compared with earlier times, and its occurrence at earlier ages than previously. Special counseling, education, physical examination procedures, and care and prescription are required when the physician is considering various methods of contraception for adolescents. In the development of adolescent education for responsible sexual behavior, it behooves physicians to keep in mind that it is the members of this age group, in part on the basis of their reactions to the quality of medical care they receive, who will decide and instill the attitudes toward these important issues in the next generation of Americans.

Abortion, Induced↗