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Biomedical subjects

L A Vishniakova

Publications and source records attributed to L A Vishniakova.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Etiology of the infectious process in pulmonary and mixed forms of mucoviscidosis in children].

The specific features of an infectious process were studied in 150 children treated for mucoviscidosis at the State Pulmonology Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of the Russian Federation. Hemophilic bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were fond to play the leading role in the etiology of the infectious process in the bronchopulmonary system. Pneumococcal infection was first ascertained to be important in the course of the disease. Developmental stages of a pyoinfectious process from the onset of its contamination, acute infection to chronic one were followed up. The most severe, prognostically unfavourable course of the disease was demonstrated to be associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[A new conception of the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis].

Clinical microbiological and immunological comparisons and data on various pneumococcal pathogenetic factors suggest chronic pneumococcal infections affecting cells and tissues of the bronchial tree to underlie pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis (CB). CB pathogenetic and clinical variants depend on the mechanisms regulating pneumococcal exudative and destructive inflammation. An obvious role of acute respiratory infections and acute bronchitis in the onset and aggravation of chronic bronchitis necessitates appropriate preventive measures.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

[The virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains--the causative agents of pneumococcal infection at different sites].

A total of 256 S. pneumoniae strains, the causative agents of infectious processes with different localization, were studied for their virulence (in experiments on mice), neuraminidase and aldolase-protease activity (APA). In pneumococcal strains isolated 18-20 hours after intraperitoneal infection their virulence for mice increased, on the average, 1,000-fold and the average level of extracellular and cellular neuraminidase and APA increased 2- to 5-fold in comparison with the initial values. Pneumococcal strains causing acute pneumococcal infections with different localization, or the aggravation of such infections, exhibited higher virulence for mice and higher levels of neuraminidase and APA, while the inflammatory process at the period of clinical remissions was mainly maintained by S. pneumoniae cultures with low virulence.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Exogenous and endogenous risk factors in the development of nonspecific lung diseases in young people].

An organized community numbering 900 normal subjects aged 18 to 19 years were examined. Acute pneumonia was encountered in 15% of persons of the group under study per year. To identify persons with premorbid condition of nonspecific pulmonary diseases, anamnestic screening and outpatient examinations (microbiological and immunologic studies) were performed. As a result, the group constituted by subjects at risk for disease accounted for 18.6%, whereas S. pneumoniae was found in 44.9%. The immunologic findings were compared to the data obtained in the anamnestic screening. It was inferred that certain anamnestic signs correlated with the immune status. The leading factor in the formation of the premorbid condition lies in integral shifts in the immunologic system during adaptation. It follows from the data obtained that persons with risk factors need immune correction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[A comparison of their virulence for mice and the enzymatic activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains].

In most cases no correlation between the virulence of S. pneumoniae and their enzymatic activity was registered in 101 S. pneumoniae strains isolated in pneumococcal infections of different localization. Pneumococcal strains belonging to different serotypes and characterized by their low virulence for mice (LD50 = 10(6) colony-forming units) had the highest neuraminidase and protease-alzolase activity in comparison with highly virulent cultures of these bacteria. In pneumococcal cultures in the R-form avirulence for mice occurred mainly in combination with low enzymatic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The role of different microorganisms and infectious processes in the occurrence and course of bronchial asthma].

The role of infection in bronchial asthma (BA) is unknown. The pathogenesis of BA contributes to the origin of infectious processes induced by different microorganisms. In view of the predominance of associations of viruses and bacteria in the etiology and pathogenesis of acute respiratory infections, it is difficult to define in vivo the share and role of these microorganisms which participate in the origin and enhancement of hypersensitivity, hyperreactivity and alterations in beta-adrenoreactivity. Some factors of bacterial pathogenicity promote BA progress. On contact with basophils and mast cells bacteria (both pathogenic ones and ordinary commensals) are capable of liberating histamine and other mediators during colonization of the bronchial tree and origin other infectious process. This mechanism of mediator liberation may contribute to the transformation of pre-asthma to BA or provoke its exacerbation.

Asthma↗
PubMed1990

[The etiology of acute pneumonia].

Based on the results of the authors' own investigations and the reported data it is shown that primary (extrahospital) acute pneumonia (AP) is of pneumococcal etiology in the overwhelming majority of patients. At the same time in 2/3 of cases, AP is associated with influenza and other acute respiratory virus infections. If primary AP runs an unfavourable course, a secondary infectious inflammatory process induced by different opportunistic bacteria may occur. The secondary (intrahospital) APs developing in the presence of marked disorders of the total and local defence are polyetiologic in nature. This is often caused by the association of a number of causative agents belonging to the families of different aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and by a change of etiological factors in the course of the disease. Gram-negative enterobacteria, Pseudomonas and nonsporulating obligate anaerobes are the main causative agents of secondary pneumonias as well as of infectious processes that complicate primary APs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

[Antibiotic sensitivity of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from patients with inflammatory lung diseases].

In 1980-1986 the sensitivity of 2,045 H. influenzae strains isolated from the bronchial contents of patients with inflammatory lung diseases were studied. This study revealed that 60-80% of H. influenzae cultures circulating in Leningrad were sensitive to tetracyclin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. During the period of observation the tendency towards the decrease of the number of highly sensitive H. influenzae cultures and the increase of the number of strains resistant to all antibiotic preparations was followed. Most of H. influenzae strains isolated in Leningrad were sensitive to penicillin, oleandomycin and ampicillin. In 1983 the appearance of H. influenzae strains, multiresistant to antibiotics, was noted. In 1986 these strains constituted 4.5% of all isolated cultures.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

[Epidemiologic problems of pneumococcal infection].

During the microbiological examination of 314 tentatively healthy donors, residents of Leningrad, Streptococcus pneumoniae was detected in the rhinopharynx of 94 donors (29.9%) in amounts ranging from a few individual microbial cells to 10(6) microbial cells with the mean geometric concentration equal to 3.58 lg. Antipneumococcal antibodies were detected in the blood of 147 donors (46.8%). The occurrence of antipneumococcal antibodies was approximately 2.5 times higher than the average level of carriership, but in most cases the dynamics of immunological reactions changed in the same direction. Considerable monthly and annual fluctuations in the occurrence of pneumococcal carriership and antipneumococcal antibodies, as well as their correlation with the epidemic rises of acute respiratory diseases, influenza and other acute respiratory viral diseases, were established. These data indicate that pneumococcal infection plays a definite role in the epidemic rises of acute respiratory diseases.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1987

[Immunological research and criteria for determining the etiology of acute bronchitis in young children].

In the determination of the etiology of acute bronchitis in children, a complex of microbiological and immunological methods should be used. The isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae at a concentration of greater than or equal to 10(4) cels/ml from tracheobronchial washings is the early and most significant method for the determination of the etiology and therapy of acute bronchitis. On the basis of microbiological and immunobiological criteria, the etiological role of S. pneumoniae has been determined in 78% of patients and that of H. influenzae, in 48% of patients, mainly in association with pneumococci.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

[Antigenic structure of the polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Leningrad 1978-1984].

The serotyping of 826 S. pneumoniae strains, isolated in conditionally diagnostic concentrations from the bronchial contents of patients with acute and chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases during 1978-1984 in Leningrad, was made. The study revealed the prevalence of serotypes and groups 6, 23, 9, 3, 19, 15 and the undulant character of fluctuations in their annual occurrence. The specific proportion of the prevailing serotypes of S. pneumoniae among the cultures isolated from patients with acute pneumonia and acute bronchitis (6 and 19) was found to differ from that among S. pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with chronic bronchitis; in the latter patients serotypes 3 and 9 occurred more frequently (P less than 0.01).

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Etiology of acute bronchitis in young children].

In the microbiological examination of 132 children aged 0-3 years with acute bronchitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae at a concentration of greater than or equal to 10(4) cells/ml, as well as different species of opportunistic bacteria, were isolated from tracheobronchial washings obtained from 100 of these children. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were found to play the leading role in the etiology of the acute bacterial inflammatory process in acute bronchitis in children.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

[Etiology of acute bronchitis in adults].

A total of 126 adult patients with acute bronchitis were subjected to microbiological, virological and immunological examination. Influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections were detected in 104 (82.5%) cases of acute bronchitis. The results of microbiological examination and the study of local and systemic immunity showed that in 94.4 +/- 2.6% of the patients the development of acute bronchitis was linked with the appearance of acute pneumococcal infection irrespective of the presence, or absence, of virologically and serologically confirmed acute viral or mycoplasmal infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

[Etiology of acute pneumonia occurring against a background of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections].

The etiology of acute pneumonia (AP) was studied in 229 patients who had the disease simultaneously with influenza (106 patients), other viral and mycoplasmal infections (48 patients), and without concomitant acute viral infections (75 patients). The use of the quantitative microbiological method and the indirect immunofluorescence test with autostrains or Streptococcus pneumoniae strains of serotypes 2, 3, and 6, prevailing in Leningrad in patients with acute inflammatory diseases of the lungs, made it possible to find out the pneumococcal etiology of AP in 95% of patients irrespective of the presence of acute respiratory viral infections. The etiological role of opportunistic bacteria was revealed in 13 AP patients (5.7%); in 2 of them the causative agent of AP was Staphylococcus aureus and in 11, various species of Gram-negative enterobacteria. The latter were the cause of complications in 8 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia.

Acute Disease↗