Deposition of rate of metallic Ag on ivory and enamel.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
L A Anderson
Publications and source records attributed to L A Anderson.
Determination of urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids in styrene exposed workers and a control population.
Styrene is rapidly metabolized in humans to mandelic () and phenylglyoxylic acids (P) which are excreted in urine. The present study investigates a gas chromatographic technique for measuring urinary concentrations of MA and PGA of workers exposed to styrene, compares the urinary concentrations of metabolites with time-weighted average air exposures to styrene and determines the levels of these metabolites in a population of workers not exposed to styrene. Post-shift urine specimens were obtained from a group of workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced plastic industry and from a control group. High positive correlation was found between post-shift urinary concentrations of metabolites and 8-hour TWA styrene exposure. Both MA and total metabolites (MA + PGA) gave correlation coefficient values of 0.96, p less than 0.0001. The mean MA excretion for the control groups was 6 mg/L. Determination of the concentration of these metabolites in a post-shift urine provides an effective means of estimating and monitoring human exposure to styrene.
Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
The long-term effectiveness of interpersonal skills training in medical schools.
To determine the effectiveness of teaching interpersonal skills (IPS) in medical school, the authors evaluated interview behaviors of 46 general internal medicine interns and residents from 24 schools. Measures of interview skills included three independent videotape ratings of actual patient interviews. Telephone and mail interview forms assessed the quality of interpersonal skills training provided by each medical school. House officers receiving IPS training did not perform significantly better than nontrained colleagues on any of 12 parameters. However, when IPS training was divided into high and low categories based on comprehensiveness of training, house officers receiving the more comprehensive courses demonstrated greater use of openended questions and emotion-related responses. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Adult↗
Comparison of geographical strains of Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse.
Mice were killed 7, 11, 19, and 27 weeks after infection with strains of Schistosoma mansoni from Puerto Rico, Brazil, St Lucia, and Tanzania. The percentage recovery of adult worms was variable in different experiments and no consistent strain differences were observed. The prepatent period was prolonged in mice infected with the Mwanza strain. Significant differences were noted in the number of eggs per worm pair in the tissues, in the distribution of eggs in the tissues, and in the weight of the liver of mice infected with different strains. No differences in hepatic histopathology were detected. Although the behaviour of various worm strains in this mammalian host is clearly different, we feel that the observed differences are trivial when considering the effects of the parasite on the host, and that the results in mice probably cannot be used to predict possible differencesin the behaviour of geographical strains of S. mansoni in infected persons.
Animals↗
Rate of destruction of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the tissues of mice.
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Animals↗
Binding of chloramphenicol by ribosomes from chloroplasts.
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Chloramphenicol↗
Alkaloids from Macoubea guianensis seeds.
From the seeds of Macoubea guianensis (Apocynaceae), mixtures of the antipodes of two indole alkaloids, vincadifformine and vincadine, have been isolated; in the first the (+)- and in the second the (-)-isomer predominated.
Alkaloids↗
Production of cytotoxic canthin-6-one alkaloids by Ailanthus altissima plant cell cultures.
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle was established as callus- and cell-suspension cultures. Canthin-6-one and 1-methoxycanthin-6-one were isolated by a combination of preparative tlc and preparative hplc. The two alkaloids were identified by their uv, ms, and 1H-nmr spectra. The combined yield of the two alkaloids was 1.38% of dry weight from callus and 1.27% of dry weight from cell suspensions. The cytotoxicities of canthin-6-one, 1-methoxycanthin-6-one, 5-methoxycanthin-6-one, and canthin-6-one-3-N-oxide to guinea pig ear keratinocytes have been compared, and the IC50 values range from 1.11 to 5.76 micrograms/ml. There is no significant difference in activity among these four cytotoxic alkaloids.
Alkaloids↗
Two-stage separation of immature and mature T lymphocytes from myeloerythroid clonogenic bone marrow cells by apheresis and elutriation centrifugation.
Because graft-versus-host disease remains a major complication in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, a number of techniques capable of removing mature T lymphocytes from bone marrow cells have been attempted. The authors describe a simple two-step procedure using counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CCE) that eliminated 95 to 98 percent of the mature T lymphocytes and greater than 97 percent of the T lymphocyte colony-forming units (CFU-T) while concentrating the bone marrow myeloid colony-forming cells. Viability was greater than 98 percent, and 72 to 98 percent of the total cells separated were recovered. Lymphocyte depletion was substantiated by both morphologic and phenotypic criteria using monoclonal antibodies to T lymphocytes, as well as by responsiveness in mixed-lymphocyte cultures and to mitogens. In addition, this technique separated the lymphoid colony-forming cells from the larger myeloid colony-forming cells. It was concluded that this simple two-step CCE procedure can be used to separate T lymphocytes and CFU-T from myeloid colony-forming cells and offers a means of purging T lymphocytes from large numbers of marrow cells that may be required for human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Aging↗
Women's responses to a mailed hormone replacement therapy workbook.
OBJECTIVE: Effectively communicating information about the complex decisions that face women at midlife, including whether to use hormone replacement therapy (HRT), is an ongoing challenge. Although numerous decision-making tools exist, few have been evaluated. The objective of this study was to examine women's use of a workbook designed to promote informed HRT decision-making. DESIGN: We developed a workbook to prepare women to discuss HRT, osteoporosis, heart disease, and breast cancer with their providers. To evaluate the workbook, women aged 45-65 years were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) workbook plus baseline and 6-month surveys, (2) workbook and 6-month survey, or (3) no workbook with both surveys. Results are based on the responses of 580 women in groups 1 and 2 (response rate, 84.2%). RESULTS: At 6 months, 79% of women recalled receiving the workbook, of whom 51% read all or most of it, 35% skimmed or read part of it, and 14% did not read it. The percentages of women completing self-assessments were 55% osteoporosis; 56% heart disease; 58% breast cancer; 57% advantages and disadvantages of HRT; and 52% personal preferences about HRT. As a result of the workbook, 10% made an appointment with their providers, and 12% had a discussion about HRT with their providers. Use of the workbook was not associated with menopause symptoms, attitudes about or use of HRT, hysterectomy, or provider discussions about menopause and HRT. CONCLUSION: This simple approach of using a mailed workbook holds promise as a successful mechanism to prepare women to discuss HRT and other related health issues with their providers.
Decision Making↗
Diabetes control programs: new directions.
The diabetes control programs (DCPs), which involve state and territorial health agencies working cooperatively with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, offer new opportunities for diabetes educators to expand their scope of practice into public health. The intervention activities of the 40 core-capacity DCPs that are proposed for the next fiscal year are summarized in this paper to provide insight into the new directions of the DCPs. These activities span a range of health-system and community-based approaches and are described by their potential impact on the audience. The interventions are aimed at a variety of intended audiences and partners, including minorities, individuals with diabetes, healthcare providers, and policymakers. As diabetes educators continue to expand their scope of practice, the DCPs offer opportunities to go beyond individual practice behaviors by participating in community development activities, disseminating practice guidelines, changing organizational practices, and advocating for health-related public policy and legislation.
Diabetes Mellitus↗
Using quantitative and qualitative methods to pretest the publication. Take Charge of Your Diabetes: a Guide for Care.
Quantitative and qualitative methods used to pretest the guidebook Take Charge of Your Diabetes: A Guide for Care are presented in this paper. Questionnaires were used as the quantitative method (completed by 59 diabetes educators and 301 people with diabetes) and focus groups were used as the qualitative method (3 groups composed of 22 black men and women with diabetes) to examine the relevance, purpose, content, and presentation of the Guide. Findings from between-methods triangulation supported the relevance, clarity of messages, identification of groups that would be most likely to benefit, readability, understandability, and credibility of the Guide. Specific areas that needed modification were identified. Each evaluation method provided unique data; for example, quantifiable data on intention to change behavior was provided from one method and a recommendation that diversity be maintained was provided from the other method. The relative strengths and limitations of combining quantitative and qualitative approaches are described.
Adult↗
Diabetes in urban African Americans. Body image, satisfaction with size, and weight change attempts.
We developed two gender specific sets of body-size silhouettes for evaluating body image in African Americans; 370 clinic-based adult participants with diabetes were queried on body image, perceptions, current efforts to change weight, and psychosocial variables. Comparisons were made by weight group and sex after classification as overweight or not overweight according to body mass index (BMI). Regardless of sex or weight category, perceived current body size was significantly related to BMI. Both men and women who were classified as overweight selected a desired body size that was significantly smaller than their perceived current size. Men, however, were more likely than women to select a larger desired size relative to their current size. Both men and women expected the dietician to favor a body size smaller than their own desired size and felt their designated important adult would choose the same desired size that they selected. Given the importance of cognitive perspectives in understanding weight management, it may be useful to incorporate body image measures into both observational and interventional studies.
Adult↗
Mini-residency on diabetes care for healthcare providers: enhanced knowledge and attitudes with unexpected challenges to assessing behavior change.
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Behavior↗
Participation in a diabetes education and care program: experience from the diabetes care for older adults project.
There is very little reported information concerning the participation of older adults in diabetes education and care programs, factors related to their attendance, and the influence of attendance on program outcomes. In this study, which was part of a larger study of insulin therapy, subjects (> or = 65 years old) assigned to the intensive management group (n = 53) were provided with educational sessions during the 18-month study period. Data for this group were examined to determine factors that influenced enrollment and attendance. Attendance rates for individual participants averaged 72% during the first 6 months and 68% during the subsequent 12 months. Demographic factors, baseline knowledge test scores, and baseline glycosylated hemoglobin levels did not significantly influence participation. Greater distance from the clinic and shorter time using insulin were significantly related (P = .05) to attendance. Perceived benefits of the program included diabetes education (45%), glucose control (23%), and interacting with others who have diabetes (23%).
Aged↗
Body size and body shape: perceptions of black women with diabetes.
PURPOSE: This qualitative study was conducted to explore perceptions of body size and shape in a group of black women with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Thirty-three black women with Type 2 diabetes participated in one of three focus groups to discuss perceptions about body size and body shape. Transcriptions of the discussion were analyzed for themes of participants' perceptions about their bodies, their ideas about body size and body shape, and personal and environmental influences on their preferences about size and shape. RESULTS: Participants preferred a middle-to-small body size but indicated that a middle-to-large body size was healthier. They also said that a large body size did result in some untoward social consequences. Participants preferred a pear-shaped body (a figure without abdominal adiposity). The three major influences on body image perceptions were children, parents, and the media. CONCLUSIONS: With these findings in mind, diabetes education programs that are geared for black women may benefit from the inclusion of key family members. Additionally, the importance of body image perceptions should be recognized in the design and implementation of weight-related diabetes education programs.
Adult↗
Diabetes education needs of family members caring for American Indian elders.
PURPOSE: This qualitative study investigated diabetes care management among family members of American Indian elders with self-care limitations. Focus groups were used to examine the reasons for and content of diabetes care management, the challenges faced, and the support services needed. METHODS: Five focus groups were conducted with family caregivers from six tribes. Caregivers' responses related to care management were identified and categorized into themes. RESULTS: Participants reported that they provided assistance with a wide range of diabetes care tasks (e.g., skin and wound care, in-home dialysis) depending on the elder's level of impairment. Caregivers described three major challenges related to diabetes care management: (1) anxiety about in-home care, (2) coping with psychosocial issues, and (3) decision making and communication problems with other family members. They emphasized the importance of developing a care routine for successful diabetes management. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, we suggest areas where diabetes educators can assist American Indian family caregivers in meeting the needs of frail elders in the home.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Interventions to enhance breast self-examination practice: a review.
Breast self-examination (BSE) is an important component of any program for the early detection of breast cancer. Compared to clinical breast examination and mammography, BSE is relatively safe, low cost, offers monthly assessment, and does not require overcoming barriers associated with access to the medical care system (unless an abnormality is discovered). Over the past decade, considerable research has been directed at encouraging women to perform BSE. This paper reviews 33 intervention studies that vary in the type and intensity of strategies employed, and in the BSE behaviors assessed. In general, more-intensive interventions result in better outcomes. With regard to BSE frequency, the provision of information seems sufficient to obtain BSE initiation but not necessarily adequate to maintain practice or to establish proficiency. The addition of skills training and corrective feedback leads to significantly improved BSE proficiency. Prompts and reminder aids seem also to contribute to long-term frequency. The search should continue for motivational mechanisms regarding BSE frequency, and for creative approaches to teaching and maintaining proficiency.
Breast Neoplasms↗