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Katsuya Maruyama

Publications and source records attributed to Katsuya Maruyama.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Incidence of alcoholic pancreatitis in Japanese alcoholics: survey of male sobriety association members in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of alcoholic pancreatitis, a dependence questionnaire survey was administered to male members of the sobriety association in Japan. METHODS: Questionnaires asking about age, age at start of alcohol drinking, amount of alcohol consumption, duration of drinking, the initiated age of abstinence, medical history of pancreatitis, the age at diagnosis of pancreatitis, and the etiology of pancreatitis were sent to 7876 male members of a sobriety association in Japan. RESULTS: Of 4120 members who replied to the questionnaire, 857 (20.8%) had a medical history of pancreatitis. Of these 857 members, 418 (10.1%) had been diagnosed with alcoholic pancreatitis, 32 (0.8%) as gallstone pancreatitis, and 407 (9.9%) with unknown etiology or etiology forgotten. A clear history of pancreatitis and information on habitual heavy drinking and the consumed amount of alcohol could be obtained from 373 of the 418 members diagnosed with alcoholic pancreatitis and from 345 of the 407 members with pancreatitis of unknown etiology. These 718 respondents were considered to be true alcoholic pancreatitis cases, with an extrapolated incidence of 9.1% (718/7876) to 17.4% (718/4120) cases of alcoholic pancreatitis in alcoholics in Japan. Alcoholics with a history of pancreatitis began drinking at relatively younger age and consumed a significantly greater amount of alcohol per day compared with 3113 alcoholics without a medical history of pancreatitis. CONCLUSION: This survey suggests that the incidence of alcoholic pancreatitis in alcoholics is much higher than previously reported.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Melanosis and squamous cell neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract in Japanese alcoholic men.

Melanosis is frequently observed in the upper aerodigestive tract of Japanese alcoholic men, and the prevalences of squamous cell dysplasia and SCC in the upper aerodigestive tract of Japanese alcoholic men are high. This study evaluated associations between melanosis and both neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract and factors contributing to the development of melanosis in Japanese alcoholic men. Endoscopic screening of 643 Japanese alcoholic men (aged 50-79 years) was combined with oropharyngolaryngeal inspection and esophageal iodine staining, and ALDH2 genotyping was carried out in 425 of them. Melanosis was frequently (20.8%) observed in the upper aerodigestive tract. The palate was the most common site of melanosis (11.2%), followed by the pharynx (9.5%), and by the esophagus (7.0%). The incidence of melanosis was higher in those with esophageal dysplasia (31/126, 24.6%), esophageal SCC (19/42, 45.2%), and oropharyngolaryngeal SCC (8/14, 54.1%) than in cancer- and dysplasia-free controls (69/437, 15.8%). The presence of melanosis was associated with a higher risk of esophageal dysplasia, esophageal SCC, and oropharyngolaryngeal SCC (OR 1.69, 4.03, and 6.61, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that older age, heavier smoking, and heterozygosity for inactive ALDH2 were positively associated with the presence of melanosis. The presence of melanosis indicates a high risk for neoplasms in the upper aerodigestive tract of Japanese alcoholic men. Melanosis and neoplasms have the same causes, including older age, heavy smoking, and high acetaldehyde exposure.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

p53 Protein accumulation, cancer multiplicity, and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype in Japanese alcoholic men with early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Synchronous multiple intra-esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) or oropharyngolaryngeal SCCs are common in alcoholics with esophageal SCC, and more frequently found in those with inactive heterozygous aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2). p53 alterations have been suspected as key molecular events in such multifocal esophageal carcinogenesis. We studied 95 Japanese alcoholic men with Tis and mucosal invasive esophageal SCC and found very high levels of p53 protein accumulation occurring in early esophageal SCC. Synchronous cancer multiplicity in the upper aerodigestive tract was found in 40 patients. p53 expression was not correlated with either cancer multiplicity or ALDH2 genotype. The risk for cancer multiplicity was associated with inactive heterozygous ALDH2 alone (OR=4.22) among the risk factors investigated, which also included smoking, less-active alcohol dehydrogenase-1B, and macrocytosis, enhancing the validity of the link between acetaldehyde exposure and cancer multiplicity.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2006

Risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract in cancer-free alcoholic Japanese men: an endoscopic follow-up study.

Asian case-control studies have shown a strong relationship between the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus and alcohol consumption combined with inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2*1/*2), less-active alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B*1/*1), high mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and self-reported facial flushing in response to alcohol. However, little is known about whether these risk factors prospectively influence cancer development in cancer-free alcoholics. Between 1993 and 2005, 808 Japanese alcoholic men diagnosed as cancer-free by an initial endoscopic screening examination received follow-up examinations ranging from 1 to 148 months (median, 31 months) later, and SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract was diagnosed in 53 of them (esophagus in 33 and oropharyngolarynx in 30). Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that the age-adjusted relative hazard for SCC was 11.55 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 5.73-23.3] in ALDH2*1/*2 heterozygotes compared with ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes, 2.02 (95% CI, 1.02-4.02) in ADH1B*1/*1 homozygotes compared with ADH1B*1/*2 heterozygotes or *2/*2 homozygotes, 2.64 (95% CI, 1.49-4.67) in patients with flushing compared with those who had never experienced flushing, 2.91 (95% CI, 1.63-5.20) in those with an MCV >or= 106 compared with those with an MCV < 106, 2.52 (95% CI, 1.22-5.22) in those who smoked >or=30 cigarettes per day compared with those who smoked 0 to 19 cigarettes per day, 7.26 (95% CI, 3.99-13.23) in those with esophageal dysplasia compared with those without distinct iodine-unstained lesions >or=5 mm, and 0.28 (95% CI, 0.09-0.85) in those with body mass index >or= 23.2 (highest quartile) compared with those with body mass index < 19.0 (lowest quartile). These predictors are useful for selecting appropriately patients for careful follow-up examinations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Prompt contrast enhancement of cerebrospinal fluid space in the fundus of the internal auditory canal: observations in patients with meningeal diseases on 3D-FLAIR images at 3 Tesla.

We speculated that meningeal pathologies might facilitate the permeability of cranial nerves at the fundus of the internal auditory canal (IAC), causing prompt enhancement after administration of Gd-DTPA. Using a 3D- fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence, we evaluated the enhancement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space in the IAC fundus 10 min after Gd-DTPA administration in patients with meningeal diseases. Twenty patients (aged 22 to 79 years) were divided into 2 groups, a group with meningeal disease comprising 9 patients with meningeal abnormalities (6, tumor dissemination; 3, infection) and a control group of 11 patients with unilateral IAC pathology whose healthy sides were included as controls. Six of the 9 patients in the group with meningeal disease showed bilateral enhancement; one showed unilateral enhancement. None of the control group showed enhancement in the healthy side. One patient with Ramsay-Hunt syndrome showed only ipsilateral enhancement. Enhancement in the IAC fundus was frequently observed in patients with meningeal disease, even just 10 min after administration of contrast agent. This enhancement in the IAC fundus was never visible on T1-weighted 3D-FLASH images.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pancreatic volume associated with endocrine and exocrine function of the pancreas among Japanese alcoholics.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The pancreas is often damaged by excessive alcohol consumption. Because alcohol-related problems and diabetes mellitus (DM) are increasing in Japan, this cross-sectional study was designed to investigate how pancreatic volume (PV, calculated using multi-slice helical computed tomography) represents alcohol consumption and both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function among alcoholics. METHODS: Consenting male and female inpatients undergoing psychiatric therapy for alcoholism from June 2003 to May 2004 were subjected to four-slice MCT to determine PV. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and serum lipase levels were examined for endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions, respectively. RESULTS: The average PVs of 535 male and 117 female patients (57.2 +/- 21.91 ml and 54.5 +/- 17.56 ml, respectively) were related to age and height (H) but not to body weight (W). Lipase values had a strong relationship with PV/W. Multiple regression analysis revealed weak associations between PV and both daily ethanol consumption and duration of habitual drinking. The diagnosis of DM in 109 of these alcoholics was more strongly associated with the PV/W value than with PV or PV/H. CONCLUSION: The association of PV with endocrine and exocrine functions suggests new markers, especially PV/W, for the assessment of DM among alcoholic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Diffusion-weighted images of the liver: comparison of tumor detection before and after contrast enhancement with superparamagnetic iron oxide.

PURPOSE: To study the recognition of malignant lesions of the liver on diffusion-weighted images (DWI) can be improved by the administration of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre- and post-SPIO mediated DWI of the liver was compared in six patients with suspected malignant liver lesions at 1.5 Tesla using a parallel imaging technique. RESULTS: Post-SPIO DWI showed improved contrast-to-noise ratio between malignant lesions and liver. Furthermore, the spleen signal was decreased on post-SPIO DWI, thus avoiding the overlap of the spleen and left lobe of the liver on maximum intensity projections (MIP). CONCLUSION: Recognition of malignant lesions of the liver was improved by SPIO on DWI. On MIP images of DWI, SPIO helped to decrease the overlap of spleen signal on the liver in some projection angles.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Esophageal melanosis, an endoscopic finding associated with squamous cell neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract, and inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in alcoholic Japanese men.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal melanosis is often observed in alcoholic Japanese men, in whom the prevalence of squamous cell dysplasia and carcinoma (SCC) in the upper aerodigestive tract are high. This study evaluated the associations of esophageal melanosis with these neoplasms, and the factors contributing to the development of esophageal melanosis in this population. METHODS: Endoscopic screening was combined with esophageal iodine staining in 1535 alcoholic Japanese men (aged 40-79 years), of whom 1007 underwent aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) genotyping. RESULTS: Fifty patients (3.3%) were diagnosed with esophageal melanosis, which had a higher incidence in those with noncancerous distinct iodine-unstained lesions (DIULs; 16/268; 6.0%), esophageal SCC (9/66; 13.6%), and oropharyngolaryngeal SCC (4/19; 21.1%) than in cancer- and DIUL-free controls (24/1182; 2.0%). The presence of esophageal melanosis was associated with higher risks for noncancerous DIULs, esophageal SCC, and oropharyngolaryngeal SCC (odds ratios, 2.81, 6.54, and 14.77, respectively). Men with the inactive ALDH2*1/2*2 genotype had a higher risk for esophageal melanosis (2.66-fold), as well as for DIULs and SCCs. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of esophageal melanosis in alcoholic Japanese men could indicate a high risk for DIULs and SCCs in the upper aerodigestive tract. The high incidence of esophageal melanosis may be partially linked to high acetaldehyde exposure, a consequence of drinking alcohol in persons with inactive ALDH2.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Carboxylester lipase gene polymorphism as a risk of alcohol-induced pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: Alcohol abuse causes pancreatic damage in humans. However, only 5% of alcoholic patients have a clinical manifestation of pancreatitis, and the genetic predisposition of alcohol-associated pancreatitis remains elusive. Nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), might play an important role in pancreatic damage. Carboxylester lipase (CEL) has been known to catalyze FAEE synthesis from fatty acids and ethanol. METHODS: The variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the coding region of the CEL gene was studied in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis (n = 100), in alcoholics without pancreatitis (n = 52), in patients with nonalcoholic pancreatitis (n = 50), in hyperlipidemia patients (n = 96), and control subjects (n = 435). RESULTS: The frequency of the NN-type (wild-type) gene was significantly decreased in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis than in other groups. The frequency of subjects who had the L allele in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis was significantly higher than in other groups. The distribution of the CEL gene polymorphism was not different among the control subjects, alcoholics without pancreatitis, patients with nonalcoholic pancreatitis, and patients with hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: The CEL gene polymorphism, especially an increase in the frequency of the L allele, was found to be associated with alcohol-induced pancreatitis.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Certain background factors exhibit an association with an increased risk for pancreatic calcification among Japanese male alcoholics.

OBJECTIVE: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from April 2003 through March 2004 to investigate the background factors related to pancreatic calcification (PC) in male Japanese alcoholics. METHODS AND RESULTS: Helical computed tomography examination revealed PC in 44 of 263 alcoholics, and this group was further divisible into 3 subgroups: "scant" (n = 24), "moderate" (n = 6), and "extensive" PC subgroups (n = 14). The extensive subgroup was associated with larger daily ethanol consumption (P = 0.05) and high-alcohol beverages, such as whisky (P = 0.02). The moderate subgroup was associated with a longer duration of habitual drinking (P = 0.04), whereas the scant PC group was associated with never having smoked (P = 0.05) and with low-alcohol beverages, such as beer (P = 0.09). None of the 40 subjects with inactive mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2*2 allele) exhibited PC (P = 0.004). Heterozygous alcohol dehydrogenase 2 genotype (ADH2*1/2*2) exhibited an association with the scant subgroup (P = 0.02). The TG12 repeats in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene tended to have a weak association with PC. CONCLUSION: Drinking behavior, smoking status, and genetic backgrounds are associated with PC and are likely to increase the risk for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of flow artifacts between 2D-FLAIR and 3D-FLAIR sequences at 3 T.

It has been reported that 3D-FLAIR can reduce the flow artifact resulting from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at 1.5 T compared to 2D-FLAIR. Flow-related artifacts tend to be worse at 3 T than at 1.5 T. The purpose of this study was to compare the CSF flow artifacts of 2D-FLAIR and 3D-FLAIR sequences at 3 T in eight healthy volunteers. The grade of CSF-related artifacts were scored through observing the perimedullary cistern, cerebellopontine angle cisterns, fourth ventricule, prepontine cistern, suprasellar cistern, ambient cisterns, sylvian fissures, third ventricle and lateral ventricles. Grading was performed on either axial or sagittal images. The CSF in-flow artifact scores were significantly higher on axial 2D-FLAIR than on axial 3D-FLAIR MPR images in all areas except the bilateral sylvian fissures, and higher on sagittal 2D-FLAIR than on sagittal 3D-FLAIR MPR images in perimedullary, bilateral CP angle and suprasellar cisterns. The CSF-related flow artifacts were significantly reduced by 3D-FLAIR, while structures in the cistern were depicted more clearly, even at 3 T. Further study is necessary to compare the clinical efficacy between 2D-FLAIR and 3D-FLAIR in depicting subtle abnormalities.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Whole-brain vascular reactivity measured by fMRI using hyperventilation and breath-holding tasks: efficacy of 3D prospective acquisition correction (3D-PACE) for head motion.

Functional MR imaging (fMRI) study using hyperventilation and breath-holding task has been reported to be one of the non-invasive methods to examine whole-brain vascular reactivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a method for 3D prospective detection and correction of head motion (3D-PACE) in a study of whole-brain vascular reactivity using hyperventilation and breath-holding tasks. Eight healthy volunteers were scanned using an fMRI protocol of hyperventilation and breath-holding task blocks at 3 T in separate runs with and without 3D-PACE. In two subjects, two more runs with and without 3D-PACE were repeated. The mean total number of activated voxels +/- standard deviation was 26,405.3+/-1,822.2 in the run with 3D-PACE and 17,329.9+/-2,766.3 in the run without 3D-PACE ( P<0.05), although there is some intersubject variation regarding the effect of 3D-PACE. In the two subjects whose performed two more runs, the number of activated voxels were smaller in the run without 3D-PACE than even in the run with 3D-PACE performed later. We conclude that 3D-PACE is beneficial for fMRI studies of whole-brain vascular reactivity induced by hyperventilation and breath-holding.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Severe chronic pancreatitis and severe liver cirrhosis have different frequencies and are independent risk factors in male Japanese alcoholics.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pancreatitis and liver cirrhosis are major alcohol-related diseases in most countries. Neither their specific etiologies nor the relationship between them is fully understood. This study was designed to examine a possible association between alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP) and alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC), and to identify factors relating to them. METHODS: The subjects were 141 consenting participants from 1087 male patients consecutively admitted to Kurihama National Hospital from July 2000 to November 2002. All were negative for major medical disorders (e.g., viral hepatitis, operative history, malignancy), except for ACP and ALC. Analysis of each subject included background information (collected by face-to-face interview, regarding quantity and duration of drinking, usual alcoholic drinks, smoking, education, employment, and marital status) and signs of ACP detected on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and ALC indicated by Child-Pugh classification. Subjects consenting to genome analyses ( n = 83) were genotyped for two key alcohol-metabolizing enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase-2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2. RESULTS: Grouping patients by ERCP grading and Child classification revealed a nonparallel relationship between the severities of the two diseases. This relationship held, even after controlling for several pertinent background variables (sociofamilial, drinking, clinical, and genetic factors) by logistic regression analysis. The drinking of spirits and a high daily consumption of alcohol were independent risk factors for ACP, while never-married status was the only risk factor identified with ALC among these male Japanese patients. CONCLUSIONS: Different risk factors may confer susceptibility to ACP versus ALC, which may explain the nonparallel relationship between the severities of the two diseases in Japanese alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Hepatocellular carcinoma in heavy drinkers with negative markers for viral hepatitis.

Alcohol has been known to be associated with an increased risk of cancer. We investigated the characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in heavy drinkers with negative serum markers for viral hepatitis (non-B, non-C) to determine whether ethanol enhances the development of HCC in Japanese patients with or without serum markers for viral hepatitis. Among the 432 HCC cases seen at our hospital between 1995 and 2000, 26 patients had negative serum markers (non-B, non-C) and were heavy drinkers. The mean patient age at the time of HCC diagnosis was [Formula: see text] years. The mean total ethanol intake was [Formula: see text] kg. Most of the patients also had liver cirrhosis (LC), although the frequency was significantly higher in non-B, non-C, heavy drinkers HCC cases than in non-B, non-C, non-alcoholic HCC cases. Among the hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive cases, the mean age at the time of HCC diagnosis was lower in heavy drinkers; this trend was not seen in HBV-positive cases. In HCC cases with heavy drinking, a high frequency of gastrointestinal (oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon and anal) cancers was seen. As for the aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) genotype, the frequency of normal homozygotes was 87.5% in heavy drinkers with HCC and the frequency of heterozygotes was 12.5%; the frequency of heterozygotes was 58.3% in alcoholics with esophageal cancer. More than half of the non-B, non-C, heavy drinkers HCC cases had a normal range of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. These results indicate that heavy drinking enhances HCV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. Whether or not ethanol is directly involved in hepatocarcinogenesis remains controversial, but LC may progress HCC in heavy drinkers even if their serum markers for HBV (including tissue) or HCV are negative. Therefore, close observation, including radiographic examinations, is recommended for non-B, non-C, heavy drinkers with LC. In HCV-positive cases, abstinence or a reduction in daily ethanol intake is recommended.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The Japanese society of alcohol-related problems.

This paper presents an outline of the Japanese Society of Alcohol-Related Problems. The precursor of the Society was the Japan Alcoholism Treatment Research Group, inaugurated in 1979, by merging two local research groups in the Tokyo and Osaka areas, both of which were exclusive gatherings of psychiatrists associated with alcoholism clinics. The Research Group developed into the Society in 1992, as the number of participants including those from other medical professions increased yearly, and the subjects of the group widened to include all addictive behaviours. In reflecting the process of establishment, it is unique in many aspects as a scientific society. The Society is not a science-orientated body for presentation of new research findings. The main programme of the annual meeting is therefore a set of symposia in which members participate and discuss clinical and/or social problems arising from dependency on alcohol or drugs. Perhaps because of its content, the annual meeting is attended each year by the largest number of participants among all the societies in Japan concerned with alcohol and drugs. For the next several years, the Society's activities will be directed at (1) establishment of guidelines for early identification of and intervention in alcohol-related problems; (2) expansion of its membership to include those in related fields of medicine and non-medical professions; (3) improvement of the system of journal publication; and (4) creation of a system for timely adequate response to social problems associated with drugs and alcohol.

Alcohol-Related Disorders↗
PubMed2004

Homozygous (TG)11 allele in intron 8 of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene has a protective role against bicarbonate decrease in pure pancreatic juice among Japanese male alcoholics.

BACKGROUND: Heavy drinkers have a high incidence of chronic pancreatitis (CP), but the mechanism of alcohol-related CP is largely unknown. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency exists in about 90% of the patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), which results from an abnormal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR). AIM: To investigate in Japanese alcoholics the association between bicarbonate concentration in pure pancreatic juice and one of the polymorphisms of the CFTR gene, the (TG)m Tn tract length in intron 8. METHODS: Fifty-six patients under treatment for alcohol dependence were stimulated by intravenous injection of secretin during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to provide pancreatic juice specimens. Individual maximum bicarbonate concentrations (MBC) were compared with (TG)m Tn tract polymorphisms identified by directly sequencing lymphocyte DNA. RESULTS: Among the 41 patients able to provide adequate pancreatic juice specimens, 15 had low MBC and 26 had normal MBC. The frequencies of the six haplotypes identified in these patients were 17.1% (TG)11T7/(TG)llT7, 46.3% (TG)11T7/(TG)12T7, 29.3% (TG)12T7/(TG)12T7, 2.4% (TG)10T9/(TG)11T7, 2.4% (TG)12T5/(TG)11T7, and 2.4% (TG)12T6/(TG)12T7. Among the 92.7% of patients who had the common (TG) miT7/(TG)m2T7 haplotype, all of the 7 with homozygous (TG)11 alleles had normal MBC (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Alcoholics with homozygous (TG)11 alleles in intron 8 of the CFTR gene appear to be protected against decreased MBC, compared with those who have the (TG)11/(TG)12 and (TG)12/(TG)12 genotypes, suggesting a role for CFTR gene polymorphism in the progression of alcohol-related pancreatic disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

High-speed imaging at 3 Tesla: a technical and clinical review with an emphasis on whole-brain 3D imaging.

Improvements to the inherently high specific-absorption rate (SAR) of high-speed imaging at 3T are necessary in order to render this method clinically feasible. Various efforts have been undertaken to improve the associated hardware and software. In this review, we focus on whole-brain isotropic 3D imaging with a turbo spin-echo sequence with variable flip-angle echo trains (3D-TSE-VFL) and present its technical and clinical features. This sequence can be used to acquire images of various contrasts including T2-weighted, fat-suppressed T2-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), fat-suppressed FLAIR, and STIR (short tau inversion recovery). Various aspects of 3D-TSE-VFL are discussed, including CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and metal artifacts, STIR contrast, small-part visualization other than brain, and the possibility of serial subtraction. Some images from clinical cases are presented.

Adult↗