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Biomedical subjects

K Yano

Publications and source records attributed to K Yano.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Advantages and safety of local treatment with MMC/Beriplast P for cancer tumors.

To target the treatment of small points of cancer, Beriplast P, already used clinically as a physiological tissue adherent drug carrier, was mixed with the anticancer drug, mitomycin C (MMC). In this in vitro study, MMC did not release quickly from the clot of MMC/Beriplast P. The antitumor effect of this mixture was examined for its effect on cancer growth. In one series of experiments, tumor tissues were inoculated with MMC/100 microliters Beriplast P and in another series, MMC/100 microliters Beriplast P was injected into tumors at a weight of 300 mg. In the first series of experiments, tumor tissue treated with 0.3 mg MMC/100 microliters Beriplast P was replaced with plasma cells and lymphocytes, and no viable cancer cells could be found. In the second series, MMC/100 microliters Beriplast P delayed tumor growth, and the survival of Balb/c mice injected with 0.08 mg MMC/100 microliters Beriplast P was significantly longer than that of mice injected with 0.08 mg MMC/100 microliters saline solution (P = 0.026). In addition, the abdominal aorta, vena cava, and intestine around the area of treatment with 1.6 mg MMC/100 microliters Beriplast P were not damaged. These results indicate that the mixture of Beriplast P and MMC is more effective than MMC solution alone in the local treatment of residual cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Production of [Asn1, Val5] angiotensin II and [Asp1, Val5] angiotensin II in kallikrein-treated trout plasma (T60K).

Incubation of heat-denatured plasma from the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with porcine pancreatic kallikrein generates, in addition to bradykinin-related peptides, previously uncharacterized peptides that contract mammalian and amphibian vascular smooth muscle. Using rings of vascular smooth muscle from the bullfrog systemic arch as bioassay, we have isolated two myotropic peptides whose primary structures were established as: Asn-Arg-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe ([Asn1, Val5]angiotensin II) and Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe ([Asp1, Val5]angiotensin II). These peptides are the same as those generated in salmon plasma by an extract of kidney. The data raise the possibility that activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in trout generates both bradykinin-related and angiotensin II-related peptides that may act synergistically in the regulation of blood pressure.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

High uric acid: a metabolic marker of coronary heart disease among alcohol abstainers.

The association between serum uric acid level and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) over 21 years was investigated among 6411 middle-aged Japanese-American men who were participants in the Honolulu Heart Program. In an age-stratified Cox regression model, high serum uric acid (quartile 4 [>6.7 mg/dl], relative to quartile 1 [<5.0 mg/dl]) was a significant predictor of definite CHD (RR = 1.33; 95% confidence interval = 1.08-1.63; p = 0.006). However, when adjustment for confounders (body mass index, heavy alcohol consumption, triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, and the ratio of animal to vegetable protein) was made, the association of high uric acid with coronary events was substantially reduced and became nonsignificant (RR = 1.14; 95% confidence interval = 0.92-1.42; p = 0.21). There was a significant interaction between serum uric acid and drinking status (P = 0.03). Thus, the risk of definite CHD associated with high urate levels (quartile 4), relative to low levels (quartile 1), was elevated in the abstainers (RR = 1.40; 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.93; p = 0.02), but not in light and moderate drinkers (RR = 1.1 1; 95% confidence interval = 0.79-1.55; p = 0.58) or among the heavy drinkers (>40 ml of ethanol/day; RR = 0.57; 95% confidence interval = 0.27-1.21; p = 0.08). It is concluded that elevated uric acid may be associated with higher CHD among alcohol abstainers. Whether raised urate is an etiological factor for CHD or a manifestation of existing arterial disease in nondrinkers deserves further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Molecular remission achieved by interferon therapy in a patient with cytogenetically relapsed chronic myelogenous leukemia after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation.

A patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in chronic phase (CP) had been treated with a syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Cytogenetic remission was confirmed 3 months later. One year after transplantation, hematological remission persisted while cytogenetic analysis revealed a recurrence of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1). Five months later, we began treatment with human lymphoblastoid interferon (HLBI), a natural interferon (IFN)-alpha. Fourteen months after initiation of HLBI administration, cytogenetic analysis of the patient's bone marrow showed disappearance of Ph1 positive cells. One year after confirming cytogenetic remission, the absence of bcr-abl transcripts by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay indicated molecular remission. IFN therapy appears to be the first choice of treatment for cytogenetic relapse after syngeneic BMT. The efficacy of IFN appears to be due to an anti-malignancy effect, not to graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

MS-271, a novel inhibitor of calmodulin-activated myosin light chain kinase from Streptomyces sp.--I. Isolation, structural determination and biological properties of MS-271.

A novel cyclic peptide, MS-271, was isolated from the culture broth of an actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. M-271 as an inhibitor of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). MS-271 inhibited the MLCK from chicken gizzard with an IC50 value of 8 microM. MS-271 did not inhibit cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C or calcium/calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase at concentrations up to 400 microM. The primary structure of MS-271 was identical to that of siamycin I, an anti-HIV peptide isolated from a microbial source.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1996

Cardiovascular risk factors and hyperinsulinemia in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program.

Associations of cardiovascular risk factors, including several measures of adiposity, with hyperinsulinemia were assessed in 3562 elderly (71 to 93 years of age) Japanese American men from the Honolulu Heart Program who were examined between 1991 and 1993. In addition, cardiovascular risk factors measured 25 years earlier were also examined in relation to hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia was defined as fasting insulin > or = 95th percentile (20 microU/mL) among the subset of subjects (n = 504) who were nonobese and free of clinical diabetes and glucose intolerance. When this definition was applied to the entire population, the prevalence of hyperinsulinemia declined cross-sectionally with age (P < 0.001) from 24.2% in men aged 71 to 74 years to 16.4% in men aged 85 to 93 years. Factors having a positive and independent association with hyperinsulinemia included body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, glucose, hematocrit, use of diabetic medication, heart rate, and hypertension. The association with physical activity was negative. Triglycerides, BMI, diabetic medication, hypertension, and smoking levels measured 25 years earlier were also associated independently with hyperinsulinemia. Associations were similar in nondiabetic subjects. Three measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference, and subscapular skinfold thickness) were independently related to hyperinsulinemia cross-sectionally. However, associations involving a difference between the 80th and 20th percentiles in each adiposity measure appeared strongest for BMI (odds ratio (OR) = 4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.7 to 5.6) and waist circumference (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 3.3-5.1) and slightly weaker for subscapular skinfold thickness (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.8-2.5). These findings suggest that features of an insulin resistance syndrome including dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and obesity, assessed both cross-sectionally and 25 years previously, are associated independently with hyperinsulinemia in elderly Japanese American men.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Identification of an alternative 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase in Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1 and cloning of the gene.

Gram-positive Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1 possesses strong polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading capabilities. An RHA1 bphC gene mutant, strain RDC1, had been previously constructed (E. Masai, A. Yamada, J. M. Healy, T. Hatta, K. Kimbara, M. Fukuda, and K. Yano, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2079-2085, 1995). An alternative 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (2,3-DHBD), designated EtbC, was identified in RDC1 cells grown on ethylbenzene. EtbC contained the broadest substrate specificity of any meta cleavage dioxygenase identified in a Rhodococcus strain to date, including RHA1 BphC. EtbC was purified to near homogeneity from RDC1 cells grown on ethylbenzene, and a 58-amino-acid NH2-terminal sequence was determined. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was used for the identification of the etbC gene from an RDC1 chromosomal DNA 2,3-DHBD expression library. The etbC gene was successfully cloned, and we report here the determination of its nucleotide sequence. The substrate specificity patterns of cell extract and native nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis identified the coexpression of two 2,3-DHBDs (BphC and EtbC) in RHA1 cells grown on either biphenyl or ethylbenzene. The possible implication of coexpressed BphC extradiol dioxygenases in the strong polychlorinated-biphenyl degradation activity of RHA1 was suggested.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

A novel dipeptidyl aminopeptidase from Pseudomonas sp. strain WO24.

An activity similar to that of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I (DAP I) which releases dipeptide from Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide (Gly-Arg-pNA) was detected in a Pseudomonas sp. An enzyme was isolated and purified about 400-fold by a series of column chromatographies. The enzyme, named DAP BI (DAP from bacteria, type I), was revealed to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and isoelectric focusing. The molecular mass was estimated to be 82 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 65 kDa by gel filtration, suggesting that the enzyme may be a monomer. The enzyme had an isoelectric point of 4.7. It is optimally active at pH 9.0. The Km and Vmax of the enzyme for Gly-Arg-pNA were 0.25 mM and 195 micromol/min/mg, respectively. The purified enzyme did not hydrolyze Gly-Phe-pNA, which was also a substrate for DAP I, whereas it hydrolyzed Arg-Arg-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide (Arg-Arg-MNA), a model substrate for DAP III. The Km and Vmax for Arg-Arg-MNA were 0.019 mM and 145 micromol/min/mg, respectively. This purified enzyme can also catalyze the removal of Asp-Arg from the N termini of angiotensins I and II. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by Zn(II) (0.5 mM), tosyl-L-Lys-chloromethyl ketone (0.1 mM), and leupeptin (0.1 mM) and partially inhibited by Co(II) (0.5 mM) and chymostatin (0.1 mM), whereas the enzyme was not affected by general serine protease inhibitors (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diisopropylfluorophosphate) and thiol protease inhibitors. The substrate specificity, classification of catalytic site, and other enzymatic properties demonstrate that this enzyme is distinct from the previously described mammalian DAPs I and III and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAP III. These results indicate that DAP BI may be a new type of the DAP family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Distribution and correlates of lipids and lipoproteins in elderly Japanese-American men. The Honolulu Heart Program.

Adverse lipid and lipoprotein levels are clearly linked with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in middle age, but evidence in elderly and minority populations is less certain. In this study the distribution and correlates of lipids and lipoproteins were evaluated cross-sectionally in 3044 elderly (71 to 93 years) Japanese-American men from the Honolulu Heart Program who were recently reexamined (1991 to 1993). Mean +/- SD lipid concentrations were 189 +/- 33 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 51 +/- 13 mg/dL for HDL cholesterol, 109 +/- 31 mg/dL for LDL cholesterol, and 147 +/- 89 mg/dL for triglycerides. Prevalence of dyslipidemic patterns was relatively infrequent (total cholesterol > or = 240 mg/dL: 6.7%; HDL cholesterol < 35 mg/dL, 6.4%; LDL cholesterol > or = 160 mg/dL: 5.5%; triglycerides > or = 200 mg/dL. 18.7%), while prevalence of desirable total (< 200 mg/dL) and HDL cholesterol (> or = 60 mg/dL) concentrations was more common (62.7% and 23.7%, respectively). Mean levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride decreased significantly with increasing age (P < .001), while mean HDL cholesterol level increased slightly (P < .05). After univariate analyses of potential correlates, multiple linear regression models were used to identify variables independently associated with each of the lipids. After adjustment for other variables, levels of fibrinogen and hematocrit were positively associated and insulin, white blood cell count, and use of diabetic medication were negatively associated with total cholesterol. Correlates for LDL cholesterol were similar but also included vital capacity (positive relation) and alcohol (negative relation). Heart rate, physical activity, alcohol, and hematocrit were positively associated with HDL cholesterol; body mass index, subscapular skinfold thickness, glucose, fibrinogen, white blood cell count, and hypertension were negatively associated. Factors associated with triglycerides tended to be similar, yet the direction of relations was reversed. Age-adjusted total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in men who had coronary surgery, thromboembolic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke but were higher in those with peripheral vascular disease. Lower HDL cholesterol levels were found in men with prevalent angina, angioplasty, definite myocardial infarction, thromboembolic stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. LDL cholesterol and triglycerides showed fewer significant relations with these conditions. Findings indicate that elderly Japanese-American men have a favorable lipid profile, except for elevated triglyceride levels, relative to levels in other populations of older Americans and that a number of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases are strongly associated with lipids in elderly men. These analyses also identify several modifiable factors that may favorably influence lipid and lipoprotein levels in the elderly.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly. The Honolulu Heart Program.

Peripheral vascular disease as measured by the ankle/brachial blood pressure index (ABI) is associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity. Few sources of data on the relationship of risk factors to ABI are available for the elderly, especially those > 80 years of age, and minority populations. ABI measurements from the Honolulu Heart Program's fourth reexamination of 3450 ambulatory, elderly Japanese American men indicate that the prevalence of an abnormal ABI, defined as a ratio of < 0.9, was 13.6%, increasing from 8.0% in those 71 to 74 years of age to 27.4% in those 85 to 93 years. Associations that were U or J shaped were present for a number or risk factors (higher rates of abnormality [ABI < 0.9] in those in the lowest and highest risk factor quintiles) in a cross-sectional analysis. Risk factors measured at baseline were also predictive of an abnormal ABI 25 years later, even after adjustment for multiple risk factors. The odds ratio (OR) for an ABI < 0.9 at the 80th percentile of cholesterol compared with that at the 20th percentile was 1.4; the OR for 1-hour postload glucose was 1.3, and for alcohol intake 1.2. The OR associated with hypertension was 1.8 and that for smoking, 2.9 (P < .05 for all ORs). These findings are consistent with ABI being a marker for generalized atherosclerotic disease in old and very old Japanese American men.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Plasma fibrinogen and coronary heart disease in elderly Japanese-American men.

Clinical and epidemiological studies consistently indicate that elevations in plasma fibrinogen concentration are associated with the presence and development of coronary heart disease (CHD). These elevations are strongly correlated with smoking behavior and may play a significant role in mediating a relation of smoking to CHD. This cross-sectional survey of 3571 elderly Japanese-American men, aged 71 through 93 years, represents survivors of the Honolulu Heart Program cohort. Active smokers are almost twice as likely to be represented in the highest quintile of the fibrinogen distribution compared with the lowest quintile (9.8% versus 5.3%, respectively). The highest prevalence of CHD (34%) was noted in past and current smokers who were in the highest quintile of fibrinogen. The age-adjusted relative odds of prevalent CHD comparing the average fibrinogen levels in the first and fifth quintiles were 1.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.64). After adjustment for smoking status, blood pressure, total and HDL cholesterol, diabetes status, hematocrit, and white cell count, the association between fibrinogen and CHD was changed slightly and remained statistically significant (P < .05). These findings in an elderly cohort of Japanese-American men are consistent with previous studies among middle-aged adults demonstrating fibrinogen to be associated with indicators of clinical CHD and CHD risk factors. Because of the cross-sectional nature of this study, it is not possible to distinguish whether the observed relation of fibrinogen to prevalent CHD is causal or whether it represents a marker of active and progressive disease.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

Evidence that implicates the parathyroid hormone-related peptide in vascular stenosis. Increased gene expression in the intima of injured carotid arteries and human restenotic coronary lesions.

Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is considered to be one key event underlying the pathophysiology of restenosis after angioplasty. The parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and its receptor, a local autocrine and paracrine regulator of cellular growth in a variety of normal cell types, have been reported in the vicinity of VSMCs. To investigate how PTHrP might be involved in the process of neointimal formation after balloon angioplasty, we examined PTHrP expression in balloon-denuded rat carotid arteries and human coronary arteries that had been retrieved by directional atherectomy. In rat carotid arteries, the RNase protection assay and in situ hybridization demonstrated that PTHrP mRNA expression increased fourfold to sixfold 1 to 7 days after denudation and continued for 28 days, coincident with downregulation of PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA expression. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that PTHrP expression in balloon-denuded carotid arteries was mainly localized to the neointima. To confirm the involvement of the PTHrP in human coronary artery restenotic lesions, immunohistochemical analysis of human coronary atherectomy specimens (23 primary and 10 restenotic lesions) was then performed. The number of intimal cells that expressed PTHrP protein was significantly higher in restenotic (407 +/- 53 cells/mm2; range, 143 to 739) than in stable angina (50 +/- 12 cells/mm2; range, 18 to 132; P<.05) or unstable angina (129 +/- 16 cells/mm2; range, 21 to 232; P<.05) specimens. These data demonstrate that PTHrP gene expression in VSMCs markedly increases during neointimal formation, supporting the hypothesis that PTHrP may play an important role in vascular stenosis as a regulator of VSMC proliferation.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Inhibition of aldosterone production by adrenomedullin, a hypotensive peptide, in the rat.

Recently, we conducted in vitro studies and reported that adrenomedullin, a novel hypotensive peptide, inhibits aldosterone secretion by dispersed rat adrenal zona glomerulosa cells. To assess the physiological role of this inhibitory effect, we investigated the effect of adrenomedullin on aldosterone production in vivo. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal sodium diet before the experiments. To begin the experimental procedure, we stimulated aldosterone production with a sodium-deficient diet or bilateral nephrectomy. After 3 days of sodium depletion or immediately after nephrectomy, we injected synthetic human adrenomedullin (2.5 nmol/kg SC) and repeated the injection three times at 6-hour intervals. Two hours after the last injection, the rats were decapitated and adrenal capsular tissue was collected. Adrenomedullin had no effect on plasma and adrenal aldosterone concentrations in the rats fed a normal sodium diet. Rats fed a sodium-deficient diet had significantly increased aldosterone concentrations in both plasma (4770.1 +/- 364.3 pmol/L) and adrenal gland (57.34 +/- 3.27 pmol per adrenal). Subsequently, injection of adrenomedullin significantly inhibited increases in concentrations (plasma, 2648.9 +/- 313.2 pmol/L; adrenal, 44.28 +/- 4.94 pmol per adrenal). In nephrectomized rats, increased aldosterone concentrations in plasma and adrenal gland were also significantly inhibited by adrenomedullin. In the second part of the study, plasma renin concentration, adrenal renin activity, plasma corticosterone concentration, serum potassium concentration, and plasma immunoreactive adrenomedullin concentration were examined for adrenomedullin effects. The first four were unaffected, and the last, plasma immunoreactive adrenomedullin, was elevated 15% to 30%. These in vivo results, together with our in vitro data, suggest that adrenomedullin may indeed play a physiological role in the control of blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

Adrenomedullin↗
PubMed1996

Effect of dietary calcium and milk consumption on risk of thromboembolic stroke in older middle-aged men. The Honolulu Heart Program.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Evidence suggests that dietary calcium is protective against hypertension. This report examines whether the effect has an influence on thromboembolic stroke. METHODS: Since 1965, the Honolulu Heart Program has followed a cohort of men in a study of cardiovascular disease. This report examines the effect of baseline dietary calcium and milk intake on stroke risk in 22 years of follow-up in 3150 older middle-aged men (55 to 68 years). RESULTS: Men who were nondrinkers of milk experienced stroke at twice the rate (P < .05) of men who consumed 16 oz/d or more (7.9 versus 3.7 per 100, respectively). While the rate of stroke decreased with increasing milk intake (P < .05), the decline in stroke risk with increased consumption was modest for those who consumed under 16 oz/d. Intake of dietary calcium was also associated with a reduced risk of stroke (P < .01), although its association was confounded with milk consumption. Calcium intake from nondairy sources was not related to stroke, suggesting that other constituents or covariates related to milk consumption may be important. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that an association between milk consumption and a reduced risk of stroke in older middle-aged men cannot be explained by intake of dietary calcium. Since milk is often part of a diverse pattern of dietary intake, it is difficult to determine whether milk consumption has a direct role in reducing the risk of stroke. Data suggest that consumption of milk in older middle age is not harmful, and when combined with a balanced diet, weight control, and physical activity, reductions in the risk of stroke may occur.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Age-related changes in stroke risk in men with hypertension and normal blood pressure.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke is a major contributor to total morbidity and mortality in older individuals, and hypertension is an important risk factor for stroke. Relatively few data exist on whether this relationship changes with age. METHODS: To examine age-related changes in the relationships between risk of stroke and hypertension, we examined the 6-year incidence of stroke among men aged 45 to 81 years using updated blood pressure data from three examinations of Japanese-American men from the Honolulu Heart Program. RESULTS: Both the prevalence of hypertension (systolic blood pressure > or = 160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure > or = 95 mm Hg or the use of antihypertensive medication) and the 6-year incidence of stroke increased significantly with increasing age (P < .01). The increase in thromboembolic stroke incidence with age was more marked in those who were normotensive at baseline (2.7/1000 in those aged 45 to 54 years to 23.9/1000 in those > or = 65 years; P < .001) than in hypertensive men (20.6/1000 in those aged 45 to 54 years to 33.5/1000 in those > or = 65 years; P < .01). The age-related increase in risk of thromboembolic stroke among normotensive men resulted in a decrease in the percentage of strokes attributable to hypertension (50% in those aged 45 to 54 years to 18% in those > or = 65 years; P < .05). Similar trends were seen for hemorrhagic stroke. There were no age-related changes in the relationships of other major atherosclerotic risk factors with stroke. The hypertension/stroke relationships were present after multivariate adjustment for age, smoking, cholesterol, and other factors. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the greater prevalence of hypertension and the proven efficacy of treatment in the elderly, these findings do not negate the value of aggressive screening and treatment of hypertension in this age group. However, it appears that other unidentified factors have an increasing role in the causation of stroke with advancing age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Coronary angiographic finding of thrombus in the left atrial appendage.

PURPOSE: The value of coronary angiography in the diagnosis of thrombus in the left atrial appendage (LAA) was retrospectively analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study covers 34 patients in whom coronary angiography showed coronary neovascularity in LAA with coronary artery-left atrial fistula indicating LAA thrombus. All 34 patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography within one week of coronary angiography. Open-heart surgery was undertaken 2-31 months after angiography in 28 patients. RESULTS: Coronary neovascularity and coronary artery-left atrial fistula arose from the left circumflex artery in 28 patients, and from the left circumflex artery and the right coronary artery in the remaining 6 patients. By echocardiography, LAA thrombus was detected in only one of the 34 patients. In 18 of the 28 patients who underwent open-heart surgery, LAA thrombus was found at surgery to have resolved. CONCLUSION: Coronary angiography is useful in the diagnosis of LAA thrombus, and coronary neovascularity and fistula formation may indicate that the thrombus can spontaneously resolve.

Adult↗