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Biomedical subjects

K Wilson

Publications and source records attributed to K Wilson.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Biological monitoring: the role of toxicokinetics and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.

This short review outlines the contribution of modeling techniques, particularly physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, in promulgating biological monitoring as a practical tool for the occupational health professional. The impact of modeling techniques is discussed in helping to establish the relevant biomarkers to measure, the appropriate time of sampling, and the relationship between atmospheric exposure limits and concentration of biological analyte. Of particular interest is the use of "population" PBPK techniques. These can explore the influence of physiological differences between workers or of particular susceptible subgroups (e.g., pregnant women, breast-feeding mothers, and infants) on the relationship between atmospheric exposure levels and biomarker concentration. Such techniques will become more widely used as biological monitoring guidance values (e.g., biological exposure indices, biological tolerance values) are increasingly established by various international professional and regulatory bodies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Migrant farm workers' access to pesticide protection and information: Cultivando Buenos Habitos campaign development.

Formative evaluation of south Georgian migrant farm workers' access to information and products to promote pesticide protection and understanding of cancer risk associated with pesticide exposure was conducted using field observation, in-depth interviews of Georgia's Migrant Health Program's outreach workers, and structured face-to-face surveys of migrant farm workers. The data indicated that fewer than one-third of the pesticide products reviewed contained messages about pesticide use and exposure risk for humans. Risk information on products appeared in English only. Few protective devices were available for purchase. Migrant farm workers were aware in a very general sense of health risks posed by pesticides, but they were specifically unaware of the reach of pesticides sprayed, as illustrated by their field behaviors. Findings also demonstrated the need to educate outreach workers about migrant farm workers' cancer risk, so that they may act as migrant farm workers' health advocates to reduce the adverse effects associated with pesticide exposure.

Adolescent↗
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Ideological commitment, experience of conflict and adjustment in Northern Irish adolescents.

This study aims to assess young people's overall experience of political conflict, as well as the extent of these experiences in relation to gender, religious affiliation and residential location (high or low conflict). Second, this study assesses the impact that young people's ideological commitment and experiences of the conflict have on their self-esteem and mental health. A sample of 96 Protestant and Catholic young people (mean age 15.2), drawn from four schools in two areas of Northern Ireland, completed self-report measures of self-esteem, mental health, ideological commitment and experience of conflict. The areas differed substantially in the amount of violence they had experienced. The results indicated that young people's experience of violence varied in relation to the town in which they lived. Boys' experience of violence appeared to be related to their religious affiliation. Experience of conflict and ideological commitment, two attributes that were positively related, interacted to predict both mental health and self-esteem. The importance of ideological commitment to our understanding of the impact of political conflict on young people is discussed.

Adolescent↗
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Employment satisfaction of individuals with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVES: Community reentry after a spinal cord injury is a long-term integrative process, because individuals must adjust to an extraordinary new set of circumstances. In this study, quality-of-life and work satisfaction variables associated with employed or unemployed individuals with spinal cord injury were examined. METHODS: Quality-of-life and work satisfaction variables associated with 109 employed or unemployed individuals with spinal cord injury were examined by using an employment satisfaction survey. RESULTS: Most of those employed indicated that they would either change jobs or some employment variable such as duties, supervisor, or hours worked. Participants who were not working attributed unemployment to an array of factors including ongoing health problems, lack of transportation, and impact of and/or lost disability benefits. Both groups offered feedback related to information provided to them by medical professionals about return-to-work resources. CONCLUSIONS: The following three themes emerged from this analysis: (1) more comprehensive provider training about spinal cord injury is needed; (2) increased communication between consumer and family would be beneficial; and (3) an increase in the flexibility and availability of services would help to ensure access to essential care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of paediatric pain.

Paediatric pain is difficult to define, assess and manage. This article addresses these problems and discusses the role of medical and nursing staff in the effective management and treatment of paediatric pain.

Child↗
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Sex-related differences in drug disposition in man.

Sex-related differences in the disposition of some analgesics, anxiolytics and hypnotics have recently been reported. With certain benzodiazepines, sex has been shown to be a more important determinant of variability in drug disposition than age, while with other benzodiazepines an age-related decline in clearance was more pronounced in men than women. In young healthy adults these sex-related differences in drug disposition were related to the phase of the menstrual cycle, oral contraceptive steroid administration, and variations in plasma concentrations of albumin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, free fatty acids and sex hormones. While none of the sex-related differences so far reported necessitates the modification of a therapeutic dosage regimen, it is prudent that future protocols for pharmacokinetic studies should regard age, sex, the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive steroids as potential sources of variability.

Animals↗
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Restructuring public health in Ontario: implications for heart health promotion.

Community-based heart health promotion is viewed as an effective means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Although public health agencies have a central role in the implementation and dissemination of heart health programmes, their effectiveness is being challenged by major structural changes to Provincial public health systems across Canada, although the impacts of the changes have received relatively little attention in the research literature. As part of the Canadian Heart Health Initiative--Ontario Project (CHHIOP), this study used a qualitative approach to address the perceived implications of these changes to Ontario's public health system for heart health promotion. Interviews (n = 38) were conducted in eight public health units with staff most familiar with managing and/or delivering heart health activities. The results are mixed; that is, while many see the future of heart health promotion programming in Ontario as being at risk, others see recent changes as a step forward toward their institutionalization, particularly in light of recent funding decisions made by the Ministry of Health's Health Promotion Branch.

Female↗
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Evaluation of the BAX system for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: collaborative study.

A multilaboratory study was conducted to compare the automated BAX system and the standard cultural methods for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods. Six food types (frankfurters, soft cheese, smoked salmon, raw, ground beef, fresh radishes, and frozen peas) were analyzed by each method. For each food type, 3 inoculation levels were tested: high (average of 2 CFU/g), low (average of 0.2 CFU/g) and uninoculated controls. A total of 25 laboratories representing government and industry participated. Of the 2335 samples analyzed, 1109 were positive by the BAX system and 1115 were positive by the standard method. A Chi square analysis of each of the 6 food types, at the 3 inoculation levels tested, was performed. For all foods, except radishes, the BAX system performed as well as or better than the standard reference methods based on the Chi square results.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
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Mum's the word.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
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The influence of some disease states on drug disposition.

The course of action of a drug is dependent upon the normal functioning of a number of organs which combine to absorb, distribute, metabolise and excrete the drug at a characteristic rate. A pathological condition of any of these organs may disturb not only their individual contribution to the course of the drug action, but as a secondary effect, those of other organs. Numerous studies of the effect of diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney have shown that organ dysfunction may be reflected in a changed rate and/or extent of absorption, apparent volume of distribution, plasma protein binding, plasma half-life and plasma and hepatic clearance. Moreover, from a clinical point of view, an important observation has been that for a given pathology, the pharmacokinetic consequence is not necessarily the same for all drugs. At the present time it is not always possible to predict the effect of a given disease on the effectiveness of therapy or to correlate changed kinetics with conventional organ function tests. In some disease states there is a strong argument for the monitoring of each individual patient's plasma drug level especially in the case of drugs with a low therapeutic index. It is also evident that further carefully controlled pharmacokinetic studies need to be carried out to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for observed changes in kinetic constants. A greater understanding of the nature of these mechanisms may eventually help in the design and development of new drugs and in the more effective use of existing ones.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
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A therapeutic approach to bereavement counselling.

Nurses are increasingly caring for bereaved people therefore a basic knowledge of the grieving process and appropriate interventions are essential. Research has shown that factors surrounding death can predispose bereaved people to experiencing abnormal and complicated grief processes. One such factor is a sudden bereavement. One third of all deaths in hospitals occurs suddenly and unexpectedly. In this article, nursing interventions are explored and discussed along with implications for nursing theory, practice, management and education.

Adaptation, Psychological↗