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K Tsuda

Publications and source records attributed to K Tsuda.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Factors responsible for glucose intolerance in Japanese subjects with impaired fasting glucose.

Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) represents risk of development of diabetes (DM) and its complications. We investigated insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in 403 IFG subjects divided into three levels of 2-hour postchallenge glucose (2-h PG) to clarify the factors responsible in the development of glucose intolerance in Japanese IFG. Nearly 60% of the subjects at annual medical check-up with FPG of 6.1-7.0 mmol/l at the first screening were diagnosed by 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; FPG <7.0 mmol/l and 7.8 mmol/l <2-h PG <11.1 mmol/l) or DM (isolated postchallenge hyperglycemia (IPH); FPG <7.0 mmol/l and 11.1 mmol/l <2-h PG level). The primary factor in the decreased glucose tolerance was a decrease in early-phase insulin, with some contribution of increasing insulin resistance. In addition, IFG/IGT and IFG/IPH subjects showed a compensatory increase in basal insulin secretion sufficient to keep FPG levels within the non-diabetic range. IFG is composed of three different categories in basal, early-phase insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity.

Asian People↗
PubMed2006

Effects of running exercise on fibre-type distribution of soleus and plantaris muscles in diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats.

AIM: Effect of running exercise on fibre-type distributions of the slow soleus and fast plantaris muscles was investigated in male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats (OLETF) as an animal model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Five-week-old OLETF rats were allowed to exercise voluntarily in running wheels for 32 days and the data were compared with those of age-matched non-exercised OLETF and non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats (LETO). RESULTS: In the soleus muscle, a higher percentage of type I fibres was observed in non-exercised OLETF rats compared with LETO rats, and there were no type IIA fibres in non-exercised OLETF rats. In the plantaris muscle, a higher percentage of type IIB fibres and a lower percentage of type I and type IIA fibres were observed in non-exercised OLETF rats compared with LETO rats. In contrast, there were no differences in the fibre-type distribution of soleus and plantaris muscles between exercised OLETF and LETO rats. The body weight and type I fibre percentage of the soleus muscle were related to the running distance in exercised OLETF rats. White adipose tissue weight, HbA(1c) and blood insulin and glucose concentrations were lower in exercised OLETF rats than in non-exercised OLETF rats, irrespective of the running distance. There was a difference in the gene-expression pattern of the soleus muscle among LETO rats, non-exercised OLETF and exercised OLETF rats. CONCLUSION: Running exercise can inhibit diabetes-associated type shifting of fibres, which is more apparent with postnatal growth, in skeletal muscles of diabetic OLETF rats, as a result of mRNA expression change in muscle.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

[Genetic evidence of extensive introgression of short-tailed ground squirrel genes in a hybridization zone of Spermophilus major and S. erythrogenys, inferred from sequencing of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene].

We have completely sequenced the mtDNA cytochrome b gene of ground squirrels from the zone of overlapping ranges of Spermophilus major and S. erythrogenys in the Tobol-Ishim interfluve, which is a putative hybridization zone of these species. The results of the sequencing showed extensive introgression of mtDNA genes of the short-tailed ground squirrel S. e. brevicauda, whose haplotype had fully replaced the S. major haplotype. All of the ground squirrels from the Tobol-Ishim interfluve had a variant of the S. e. brevicauda mtDNA haplotype that was specific for this zone. On average, 119 substitutions (10.44%) were found between S. major from Ul'yanovsk oblast and S. e. brevicauda from the northern Kazakhstan, the mean genetic distance (D) between them being 0.115, which conforms to the corresponding parameters for the S. e. brevicauda-S. pygmaeus pair (122 substitutions, D = 118). Insignificant differences (seven substitutions, D = 0.043) were found between the S. major and S. pygmaeus haplotypes, which suggest that these species have similar mitochondrial haplotypes. Five to ten nucleotide substitutions (0.44--0.88%) were detected between the animals from the Tobol--Ishim interfluve and S. e. brevicauda. The mtDNA haplotype divergence D within the genus Spermophilus (ten species) for all codon positions ranged from 0.035 to 0.158. Phylogenetic reconstructions (MP, ML, and NJ trees) showed two well-differentiated clusters with high bootstrap support. However, there was different branching topology within the cluster and their species composition varied. The maximum likelihood tree, ML, differentiating the species into two subgenera, Citellus and Colobotis, most reliably reflected taxonomic relationships of the species from the genus Spermophilus, inferred from morphological and genetic biochemical data. The morphologically pure S. major (subgenus Colobotis) animals, used in the analysis, proved to carry the haplotype of another species, S. pygmaeus (subgenus Citellus). This poses a question on the existence of the specific haplotype of S. major, the reason of its replacement by haplotype of other species, and possible consequences of this phenomenon for survival of the species.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Long-term therapeutic effects of voglibose, a potent intestinal alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, in spontaneous diabetic GK rats.

The effect of long-term (6 months) administration of voglibose in a dietary mixture (10 ppm) on intestinal disaccharidase activity was examined in non obese type 2 diabetes model Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. The postprandial blood glucose level in voglibose-treated GK rats was significantly lower than in untreated GK rats (190+/-19 vs. 250+/-25 mg/dl, P<0.01; 1 h, 212+/-23 vs. 256+/-20, P<0.05; 2 h), and the activities of maltase, sucrase, and isomaltase remained significantly lower throughout the 6 months of voglibose treatment. The expressions of protein and mRNA of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) complex were significantly higher in voglibose-treated GK rats. Voglibose administration then was stopped after 6 months of treatment. The mRNA level and protein level of the SI complex became normalized during the interruption of drug administration, and disaccharidase activities increased almost to the level of the untreated group 1 month after treatment was stopped. After 1 day of re-administration of the drug, however, disaccharidase activities again became significantly inhibited. These results indicate that voglibose may improve glucose tolerance since it inhibits activities of disaccharidases in spite of increasing the expression of them on intestine, furthermore voglibose may be reversible and reproducible through interruption and re-administration.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

Deconvolution of electron diffraction patterns of amorphous materials formed with convergent beam.

To perform reduced density function (G(r)) analysis on electron diffraction patterns of amorphous materials formed with convergent beams, the effects of convergence must be removed from the diffraction data. Assuming electrons incident upon the sample in different directions are incoherent, this can be done using deconvolution (Ultramicroscopy 76 (1999) 115). In this letter we show that the combination of an energy filtering transmission electron microscope with an image plate, increases the accuracy with which diffraction data can be measured and, subsequently, the accuracy of the deconvolution.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Determinants of hyperleptinaemia in an African population.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the determinants for elevated plasma leptin concentration in normal weight (NW), obese (OB), and morbidly obese (MO) individuals in Tanzania. DESIGN: Cross-sectional epidemiological study, the CARDIAC study. SETTING: Three areas in Tanzania; Dar es Salaam, urban (U), Handeni, rural (R) and Monduli, pastoralists (P), in August 1998. SUBJECTS: Five hundred and forty five participants from a random sample of 600 people aged 46-58 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma leptin concentrations, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), lipid profiles, haemoglobin A1c (HBA1c), and blood pressure (BP). RESULTS: Plasma leptin concentrations were higher in women than in men (women; 16.0 ng/mL, men; 3.1 ng/mL; p<0.0001). Women showed a higher mean body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than men. In both genders, plasma leptin concentration, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were significantly higher in OB than in NW participants. MO women had significantly higher leptin concentration, SBP and DBP compared with the other two groups. In NW men, log leptin concentrations showed a direct correlation with weight, BMI, HBA1c, TC, LDL-C, TG, SBP and DBP (all p<0.0001 except TG; p<0.001), while among NW women and OB men, weight and BMI correlated positively with log leptin (all p<0.05). OB women observed a positive correlation between log leptin and weight, BMI and LDL-C. Regression analysis indicated that among NW subjects, gender, BMI and TC explained 53.9% of the variation in log leptin. In OB subjects, gender, BMI and LDL-C explained 51.7% of the variability in leptin levels. No relationship was found between log leptin and CVD risk factors among MO subjects. CONCLUSION: The most important determinants for hyperleptinaemia in NW participants were gender, BMI, TC, while in addition to these LDL-C, was an important determinant of leptin concentration in OB individuals. In MO women, the high leptin concentrations did not reflect the amount of adipose stores.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2002

Histidine induces lipolysis through sympathetic nerve in white adipose tissue.

BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic neuronal histamine has been shown to increase lipolysis in white adipose tissue. The present study aimed to clarify whether peripheral loading with L-histidine, a precursor of neuronal histamine, may affect lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vivo microdialysis study was used to assess lipolysis in rat epididymal adipose tissue by measuring the release of glycerol in response to administration of L-histidine. In addition, electrophysiological measurements were performed to record changes in activity of sympathetic nerve innervating adipose tissue following histidine treatment. RESULTS: Sequential administration of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist, through the microdialysis cannula at concentrations of 10(-)8 to 10(-6) M increased the glycerol concentration in the dialysate dose-dependently (P < 0.05). Intraperitoneal administration of L-histidine at a dosage of 0.35 mmol kg(-1) also increased the glycerol concentration compared to that of phosphate buffered saline (P < 0.05). Concomitantly, the administration of histidine increased the serum concentration of free fatty acid compared to control treatment (P < 0.05). The accelerating effects of histidine on lipolysis were mimicked by the infusion of 10(2) nmol rat(-1) L-histamine into the third cerebroventricle (P < 0.05). Electrophysiological measurement demonstrated that administration of histidine at a dosage of 0.35 mmol kg(-1) increased the activity of efferent sympathetic nerve, innervating adipose tissue more than the infusion of phosphate buffered saline (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that histidine accelerates lipolysis in white adipose tissue through activation of the sympathetic nerve. The regulation of lipolysis may therefore involve histamine neurons in the brain, probably through the conversion of L-histidine to histamine in the hypothalamus.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Normalization of cytoplasmic calcium response in pancreatic beta-cells of spontaneously diabetic GK rat by the treatment with T-1095, a specific inhibitor of renal Na+-glucose co-transporters.

Chronic hyperglycemia is known to lead to a progressively further impaired insulin response and to hasten the development of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes, a notion referred as glucose toxicity. T-1095, a derivative of phlorizin, is a newly developed oral hypoglycemic agent that acts as a specific inhibitor of renal Na(+)-glucose co-transporters, reducing circulating blood glucose levels by promoting glucose excretion into urine. The effects of glycemic improvement by T-1095 on secretory function and cytoplasmic calcium response in pancreatic beta-cells were investigated using spontaneously diabetic GK rats. After four weeks of treatment with T-1095 (age 4 to 8 week rats), serum glucose and HbA1c levels were significantly improved (serum glucose level, GK vs. GK T-1095, 277.3 +/- 11.8 vs. 204.7 +/- 6.4 mg/dl; HbA1c level, GK vs. GK T-1095, 6.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.8 +/- 0.1 %). Insulin secretion induced by 16.7 mM glucose was also significantly increased in the T-1095-treated group compared to the untreated group. The [Ca(2+)]i response induced by 16.7 mM glucose in GK beta-cells was characterized by the loss of the steep first peak of [Ca(2+)]i elevation, and the lost first peak of [Ca(2+)]i reappeared in T-1095-treated beta-cells in 32 of 34 observations. In T-1095-treated beta-cells, the time lag to peak [Ca(2+)]i levels in the 16.7 mM glucose stimulation was significantly reduced (259.1 +/- 15.3 sec, p < 0.01) compared to untreated GK rats (524.7 +/- 52.9 sec). Thus, improvement of hyperglycemia by T-1095 ameliorates beta-cell function by relieving [Ca(2+)]i response.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of low-intensity lesions in the peripheral zone of prostate on pre-biopsy endorectal coil MR imaging.

The aim of this study was to determine which morphological features of low-intensity lesions in the peripheral zone of the prostate are predictable of prostate cancer on pre-biopsy T2-weighted integrated endorectal phased-array MR images. The MR examinations were performed in 69 consecutive patients with elevated level of prostate-specific antigen (>4 ng/ml) and/or a positive digital rectal examination before transperineal 12-site biopsy. Two radiologists evaluated presence of lesions, their morphological features, and possibility of malignancy in divided into four sections of the peripheral zone. Imaging analysis findings were compared with biopsy results. Discriminative features were selected by stepwise logistic regression. Descriptive statistics and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were also calculated. Sixty-eight benign lesions and 23 malignant lesions were found. Wedge shape and diffuse extensions without mass effect were significantly associated with benignity ( P=0.0105 and 0.002, respectively). Lesion size was significantly associated with malignancy ( P=0.0001). For evaluating probability of malignancy for lesions, regression model showed a comparable accuracy with the total impression for the readers in ROC analysis (Az 0.9095 vs 0.9266, respectively). Wedge shape, diffuse extension without mass effect, and size are the morphological features of low-intensity lesions in the peripheral zone on pre-biopsy T2-weighted MR images that give the best prediction of malignancy.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Distinction between space groups having principal rotation and screw axes, which are combined with twofold rotation axes, using the coherent convergent-beam electron diffraction method.

23 sets of space groups remain indistinguishable by the convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) method. Recently, Tsuda, Saitoh, Terauchi, Tanaka & Goodman [Acta Cryst. (2000), A56, 359-369] demonstrated that the coherent CBED method can distinguish two space-group pairs (I23, I2(1)3) and (I222, I2(1)2(1)2(1)) by observing the relative arrangements of 2-fold-rotation and 2(1)-screw axes. The other ten space-group sets, which are composed of principal rotation and screw axes and other 2-fold-rotation axes such as P321 and P3(1)21 (P3(2)21), are shown to be distinguishable using the coherent CBED method.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Endobronchial metastasis of breast cancer 5 years after breast-conserving therapy.

A 42-year-old woman, who had received right breast-conserving therapy 5 years previously, was admitted with hemoptysis. Chest X-rays showed a tumor shadow in the left pulmonary hilus with partial atelectasis in the left lower lobe. Bronchofiberscopic examination showed a polypoid tumor arising from the endobronchial wall, with bleeding and a white surface coat. Although, microscopically, the tumor resembled the breast cancer resected previously, as we could not rule out primary lung carcinoma, and as the tumor seemed to be localized, thoracotomy was performed. During posterolateral thoracotomy, however, pleural metastatic nodules were found; therefore, only sampling of these nodules and the administration of 50 mg of cisplatin (CDDP) into the thoracic cavity were performed. From a comparison of the histopathological features of the original tumor and the intrathoracic tumor, and from the hormone receptor positivity of the pleural metastasis, we diagnosed the intrathoracic tumor as being highly suspicious of metastasis from breast cancer. The measurement of hormone receptor was informative for the diagnosis of and for selecting a therapeutic strategy for the metastatic breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Eosinophil-induced liver injury: an experimental model using IL-5 transgenic mice.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In certain liver diseases, activated eosinophils are considered to be important effector cells in addition to T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. No experimental model, however, has been developed for in vivo analysis of the cytotoxic mechanisms. METHODS: Interleukin-5 (IL-5) transgenic mice (C3H/HeN-TgN(IL-5)Imeg), which exhibit marked eosinophilia without liver injury, were injected once with 25 microg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally. The mice were sacrificed weekly and eosinophilic injuries were assessed microscopically. To clarify the role of Kupffer cells and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the liver injury, gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) and anti-TNF-alpha neutralizing antibody were administrated before the LPS injection. RESULTS: Two weeks after injection, transgenic mice exhibited marked infiltration of eosinophils and extensive lobular necrosis. Transmigration of eosinophils through vascular endothelium and degranulation of eosinophil cytotoxic granules in inflamed areas were observed. These eosinophilic injuries were transient, but liver-specific. Pre-administration of GdCl3 and anti-TNF-alpha markedly reduced the hepatic inflammation, suggesting that LPS-activated Kupffer cells play a key role in producing the cytotoxicity of eosinophils by releasing TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS: We have established an experimental model of eosinophil-induced liver injury using IL-5 transgenic mice. Since this model is simple and highly reproducible, it will be useful for analysis of in vivo cytotoxic mechanisms of eosinophils.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Hyperinsulinemia is a determinant of membrane fluidity of erythrocytes in essential hypertension.

In the present study, to determine a possible role of insulin in the regulation of membrane functions, we have examined the relationship between plasma insulin level and membrane fluidity of erythrocytes in patients with essential hypertension and normotensive subjects. Membrane fluidity of erythrocytes obtained from hypertensive and normotensive subjects were evaluated by means of an electron paramagnetic resonance and spin-labeling method. The order parameter (S for 5-nitroxide stearate) and the peak height ratio (ho/h(-1) for 16-nitroxide stearate) obtained from electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of erythrocyte membranes were significantly higher in patients with essential hypertension than in normotensive subjects. The finding indicated that the erythrocyte membrane fluidity was lower in essential hypertension than in normotensive controls. The plasma concentration of insulin while fasting was also significantly greater in hypertensive patients than in normotensive subjects. In addition, the plasma insulin level was significantly correlated with the values of the order parameter (S) and the peak height ratio (ho/h(-1)), which showed that the higher plasma insulin was associated with the lower membrane fluidity of erythrocytes. These results support the hypothesis that insulin may actively participate in the regulation of membrane fluidity of erythrocytes in essential hypertension.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2001

Bone mineral density in women with essential hypertension.

Recent studies have reported the abnormalities in calcium metabolism at the systemic level in human hypertension as well as in experimental hypertension. Because bone is the largest store of calcium in the body, the bone calcium content and mineralization may represent the entire calcium balance. The present study was undertaken to investigate the bone mineral density (BMD) in women with essential hypertension by means of the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometric (DXA) method. The DXA analysis showed a significant decrease in BMD in female hypertensive subjects compared with normotensive subjects. In addition, the BMD was inversely correlated with systolic blood pressure in women. The 24-h urinary calcium excretion was significantly greater in female hypertensive subjects than in female normotensive subjects. Furthermore, the greater the urinary calcium excretion, the lower the BMD in women. The values of serum total calcium, total magnesium, ionized calcium, and 1, 25(OH)2 vitamin D were not different between hypertensive and normotensive subjects. The results of the present study demonstrated that DXA provided an index of whole calcium balance, and suggest that high blood pressure might be associated with reduced BMD in female hypertension.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Synergistic effect of polymorphisms of uncoupling protein 1 and beta3-adrenergic receptor genes on autonomic nervous system activity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of the promoter region -3826 A to G polymorphism of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene with autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and the interaction of the polymorphism with the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3 adrenergic receptor (beta3AR). SUBJECTS: Three-hundred and forty-nine young (mean age 20.4+/-2.1 y old), healthy Japanese males. MEASUREMENTS: DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. Plasma glucose, plasma insulin and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Frequency of family history of diabetes or obesity was determined by interview. Subjects randomly chosen from each genotype were examined for ANS activity during supine rest and standing by electrocardiogram power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. RESULTS: UCP1 or beta3AR polymorphism was not associated with BMI, plasma glucose, plasma insulin and frequency of family history of diabetes or obesity. The inhibitory effect of UCP1 polymorphism on ANS activity was observed only with occurrence of the variant of beta3AR. The very low frequency component associated with thermoregulation in the sympathetic nervous system of homozygotes of UCP1 (GG) at supine rest was significantly lower than normal (AA, 203.2+/-50.3 vs 462.2+/-83.6 ms(2); mean+/-s.e., P=0.021). A higher response to postural change to standing was also observed in both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities of AA than of GG. CONCLUSION: While UCP1 polymorphism alone does not affect ANS activity, it has a synergistic effect with beta3AR polymorphism in decreasing sympathetic nervous system activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Role of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels in the regulation of norepinephrine release in hypertension.

In the present study, in order to elucidate the role of dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive calcium (Ca) channels in the regulation of neurotransmitter release in hypertension, we examined the effects of the DHP-sensitive Ca channel blocker nicardipine on norepinephrine (NE) release in blood vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The stimulation-evoked pressor responses and NE release were significantly greater in the mesenteric arteries of SHR than in the mesenteric arteries of WKY rats. Nicardipine significantly inhibited the stimulation-evoked NE release as well as vasoconstrictor responses in the mesenteric arteries to a greater extent in SHR than in WKY rats. These results demonstrated that nicardipine markedly reduced the stimulation-evoked NE release in blood vessels of SHR, which might suggest that the DHP-sensitive Ca channels could be involved, at least in part, in the regulation of NE release in hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Neurally mediated syncope and cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor function.

To evaluate the mechanism of neurally mediated syncope (NMS), we investigated basal autonomic nerve function using a conventional pharmacological method and [123I]-metaiodobenzyl-guanidine (MIBG) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Nine patients with NMS, whose syncope was induced by head-up tilt test with or without isoproterenol, underwent [123I]-MIBG SPECT. Eight of nine NMS patients showed reduced myocardial uptake (two patients, diffuse; four patients, anteroseptal and inferior; one patient, anteroseptal; one patient, inferior). In the study of pharmacological autonomic nervous function test, atropine sulfate (atr.) (0.04 mg/kg), isoproterenol (isp.) (5 x 10(-3) microg/kg/min), propranolol (prop.) (0.2 mg/kg), phenylephrine (phenyl.) (0.4 microg/kg/min), and phentolamine (phent.) (0.2 mg/kg) were successively administered to patients with NMS (n = 5) and control subjects (n = 5). The heart rate (HR) after atr. and prop., and systolic blood pressure (SBP) after phent. were defined as intrinsic HR (IHR) and intrinsic SBP (ISBP). Parasympathetic activity (increase in HR by atr.), beta-sympathetic tone (HR after atr. minus IHR), beta-sensitivity (change in HR by 1 microg isp./kg/min), beta-secretion (beta-tone/beta-sensitivity), alpha-sympathetic tone (SBP before phenyl. minus ISBP), alpha-sensitivity (change in SBP by 1 microg phenyl./kg/min) and alpha-secretion (alpha-tone/alpha-sensitivity) were also calculated. The beta-secretion was decreased (0.0027+/-0.0008 versus 0.0060+/-0.0004 microg/kg/min/isp.; p < 0.05), while the beta-sensitivity was increased (5850+/-947 versus 3150+/-292 beats/microg/kg/min isp.; p < 0.05) in NMS compared with control subjects. In the other indexes, there were no significant differences between two groups. The results of the present study suggest that increased beta-sensitivity may contribute hypercontraction of left ventricles, which might partially explain the mechanism of NMS.

3-Iodobenzylguanidine↗