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Biomedical subjects

K Togawa

Publications and source records attributed to K Togawa.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Comparative study on gait abnormality in patients with vestibular neuronitis and patients with large acoustic neuroma.

A comparative study on gait analysis comprising 11 patients with vestibular neuronitis and 10 patients with large acoustic neuroma was undertaken by the use of foot switches and electromyography. Central disorders in the neuroma group were evidenced by neurotological examinations. Fourteen healthy adults served as controls. Variables employed for the analysis were time from heel strike to forefoot strike (HA-I), time from heel off to forefoot off (HA-II) as well as duration of stance, swing and double supports (DS), location of maximum contraction of the gastrocnemius during stance, and location of the first and second peak of muscle contraction of the tibialis anterior from early swing phase (TA-off) to early stance phase (TA-on). The occurrence rate of abnormality of HA-I was the highest in both groups and most of the variables showed a higher rate in the large acoustic neuroma cases. In addition, a significantly higher CV value was obtained in HA-II of the lesion side's foot in the AN group. These changes could reflect the pathophysiological difference in the gait control systems between the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Characteristics of human gait related variables in association with vestibular system disorders.

Gait analysis was performed in patients with vestibular system disorders, using foot switches and electromyography. They were divided into three groups: 11 cases with vestibular neuronitis (VN), 10 cases with large acoustic neuroma (LAN) who had central lesion evidenced by neurotological examinations, and 10 cases with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). A total of 14 healthy adults served as controls. Results showed that time from heel strike to forefoot strike was the most sensitive variable to indicate gait abnormality but had no specificity. As for the variables of stance, swing, and time to reach the initial peak of the tibialis anterior's activity from forefoot off, occurrence rate of abnormality was high in the OPCA group, followed by the LAN and VN groups. Concerning the double support period which is related with body weight transfer from one leg to the other, the LAN and OPCA groups showed higher occurrence rate of abnormality than the VN group. These differences among the three groups could reflect different effects to the gait control systems caused by lesion.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Archaebacterial lipid models: formation of stable vesicles from single isoprenoid chain-amphiphiles.

Surfactants, PhyN+(Me)3 (OH-/Br-), PhyPO4H- (H+/Na+), PhySO4- (H+/Na+) and Phy(CO2-) (H+/Na+), were prepared; Phy is a (3RS,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecyl group; phytanic acid or its sodium salt is expressed by Phy(CO2-) (H+/Na+). Equimolecular mixtures of the cationic surfactant and the anionic ones in aqueous media, upon sonication, gave rise to stable suspensions of multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). Unlike the molecular assemblies from cationic and anionic pairs of straight chain-surfactants, the MLVs could trap ionic and nonionic compounds such as 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein and glucose with the captured volume of 0.6-1.6 l/mol in water. The vesicles were tolerant to about 25 mM aqueous NaCl. The packing mode of the surfactants in the membranes are discussed in conjunction with the thickness (about 60 A) and the zeta-potential which was as large as 30-45 mV in water at 20 degrees C.

Archaea↗
PubMed1994

Human papillomavirus DNA sequences in esophagus squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Esophagus squamous cell carcinoma has much geographic variation. A variety of genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. This study was undertaken to determine whether the human papillomavirus is present in these tumors. METHODS: A radioactive nested polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the presence of human papillomavirus in esophagus squamous cell carcinoma DNA and adjacent normal mucosa DNA from different regions of the world. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to determine which particular human papillomavirus genotype was present. RESULTS: Human papillomavirus was identified in 14% of esophageal squamous cell cancer DNA but in none of the adjacent normal mucosa DNA available for some of the samples. Positive samples were found to contain sequences specific for high-risk human papillomaviruses, either types 16 or 18. In addition, a novel human papillomavirus genotype was detected in another 10% of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Esophagus squamous cell carcinoma is associated with the expression of human papillomavirus genotypes 16 and 18, which are linked to transformation of squamous epithelial cells. In addition, a novel human papillomavirus genotype that was identified may be associated with pathogenesis in esophagus squamous cell cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Biochemical properties of eosinophils and their preferential accumulation mechanism in nasal allergy.

Recent information intensely suggests that eosinophils are pivotal proinflammatory cells in a variety of allergic inflammatory diseases including bronchial asthma, nasal allergy, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and various cutaneous diseases. Eosinophils, via their release of basic proteins and lipid mediators, are strongly implicated in the onset of allergic symptoms of the nose. They play an important role particularly in nasal swelling and hyperreactivity. Despite the current multitude of research investigating eosinophils in vitro, the mechanism that mediates and controls the accumulation of eosinophils in vivo is incompletely understood. In this article the following issues will be addressed: (1) How do eosinophils migrate into the nasal mucosa? (2) What factors contribute to preferential eosinophil accumulation and their degranulation in nasal mucosa? (3) How can we inhibit the eosinophil accumulation and activation?

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Mechanism of eosinophil infiltration in the patient with subcutaneous angioblastic lymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (Kimura's disease). Mechanism of eosinophil chemotaxis mediated by candida antigen and IL-5.

Kimura's disease is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Although eosinophilia is one of the characteristic features in this disease, little is known about the mechanism of eosinophilia. In the present study it was demonstrated that interleukin-5 (IL-5) was produced and released from the site of a granuloma and lymph nodes after stimulation with candida antigen. It was also shown that peripheral blood eosinophils from patients with Kimura's disease contained a large proportion of hypodense eosinophils and that their viability was prolonged. These results strongly suggest that locally produced IL-5 induced by candida antigen contributes to the eosinophilia in this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Interleukin-5 gene expression in nasal mucosa and changes in amount of interleukin-5 in nasal lavage fluid after antigen challenge.

Eosinophils and their products are known to cause hyperreactivity and swelling of the nasal mucosa in subjects with nasal allergy. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) not only induces differentiation and proliferation of immature eosinophils but also causes mature cells to accumulate and activate. This study shows that IL-5 is actually produced in the human nasal mucosa by antigen challenge, and it further investigates the changes in the amount of IL-5 in nasal lavage fluids after antigen challenge. Expression of mRNA for IL-5 in nasal mucosa was investigated using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blot analysis. Among the 4 subjects with nasal allergy examined in this study, expression of mRNA for IL-5 was observed in 2 prior to antigen challenge; within 6 h after antigen challenge it was seen in 3 subjects. We also found that the amount of IL-5 in the nasal lavage fluids obtained consecutively after antigen challenge increased predominantly in the late phase, and that the number of eosinophils in the IL-5 positive group was significantly higher than that in the IL-5 negative group. These results strongly suggest that IL-5 contributes to the recruitment of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa of the subjects with nasal allergy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Cytokine expression after the topical administration of substance P to human nasal mucosa. The role of substance P in nasal allergy.

Human nasal mucosal samples exposed in vitro to substance P or allergenic Ag were tested for the mRNA of IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma using specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. After the administration of substance P, at dosages ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-9) M, an enhanced expression of the mRNA for IL-1 beta, -3, -5, -6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma was observed in all mucosal samples of allergic subjects and in half of the nonallergic subjects. The expression of IL-2 and IL-4 was low. Mucosal samples of allergic subjects showed an increased expression of mRNA for cytokines after administration of specific Ag, whereas no enhancement was observed in samples from nonallergic subjects. Our data suggest that substance P may regulate allergic reactions via enhanced production of certain regulatory cytokines.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1993

Gait analysis in patients with vertigo.

Gait analysis utilizing foot switches and electromyography of antigravity muscles was performed on 31 patients with vertigo. Twenty-one cases had peripheral vestibular lesions (such as vestibular neuronitis, Menière's disease, traumatic labyrinthitis, small acoustic neuroma), and 10 cases had central lesions (such as spinocerebellar degeneration, pontine glioma, cerebellar tumor and giant acoustic neuroma). Parameters employed for analysis included time from heel strike to forefoot strike (HA-I), time from heel off to forefoot off (HA-II) as well as durations of stance, swing and (initial) double supports (DS). Fourteen healthy adults served as controls. The overall incidence of abnormality was highest in HA-I, followed by stance and swing. The occurrence of abnormalities in stance, swing and DS was higher in the central lesion when compared with the group having peripheral lesions. The significance and usefulness of gait analysis for dizzy patients are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Huge facial nerve neuroma: a case report.

A case of huge facial nerve neuroma was reported. The patient was a 59-year-old woman who had 5 years' history of right facial paralysis. A CT study with contrast medium showed extensive destruction of the right temporal bone including the semicircular canals, and with protrusion of the tumor into the cerebello-pontine angle. CT findings with contrast enhancement and MRI suggested a neuroma and its origin. The operation confirmed that the tumor arose from the vertical portion of the facial nerve. Previous papers dealing with this kind of tumor were reviewed to delineate clinical characteristics for diagnosis and treatment of facial nerve neuroma.

Ear, Inner↗
PubMed1993

Presence of respiratory syncytial virus genomic sequences in middle ear fluid and its relationship to expression of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules.

The presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and several cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in middle ear effusions and mucosal tissues was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction. RSV genomic sequences were detected in 23 (52.7%) of 44 middle ear effusions tested. The sequences were detectable at an even higher rate (82.4%) in effusions of children in whom infectious virus was detected in the nasopharynx. All samples with the RSV genome contained the mRNA for interleukin-1 beta and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The messages for these cytokines, together with intercellular adhesion molecule-1, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, were detected in human middle ear mucosal organ cultures infected in vitro with RSV. Our results suggest that the enhanced synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in the middle ear infected with RSV may contribute to the inflammatory processes in otitis media.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Clinical observation of 32 cases of vestibular neuronitis.

Clinical observations were made on 32 patients with vestibular neuronitis in the last 5 years: 14 male and 18 female, ranging from 15-76 years, the average being 46.3. Within the age distribution of the cases, two peaks were observed: a younger and an older group. Five patients (15%) had recently contracted infection of the upper respiratory tract before the onset of the disease, and two developed benign paroxysmal positional vertigo during the recovery period. Spontaneous nystagmus was observed in 19 cases (59%) in the first medical examination. There were several patients in whom there was the possibility of central lesions based upon the findings of equilibrium examinations. No relation was found between the degree of canal paresis and the time required for recuperation; however, the older patients took much longer to recover from the disease. Our results showed that there were considerable individual variations regarding the clinical findings, which may suggest that the pathological entity that creates this disease is not simple.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Interleukin-5 preferentially recruits eosinophils from vessels in nasal mucosa.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5), initially described as possessing eosinophil differentiating and proliferating activity, has now been shown to exert its effects on mature eosinophils. To investigate the ability of recombinant human IL-5 (rhIL-5) to cause the migration of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa in vivo, we compared the eosinophil counts in nasal mucosa without and after the nasal application of rhIL-5. In addition, the percentages of eosinophils in leukocytes within the vascular lumens in the nasal mucosa were counted to determine whether IL-5 recruited eosinophils from the vessels. The total number of eosinophils in both the epithelium and lamina propria, as well as the percentage of eosinophils in leukocytes within the lumens of vessels in the nasal mucosa after the application of IL-5, were higher than those in control nasal mucosa. Conversely, neither the number of neutrophils in the nasal mucosa nor the percentages of neutrophils in vessels differed between the two groups of nasal mucosa. The results strongly suggest that IL-5 preferentially recruits eosinophils from vessels into the lamina propria.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Sleep-disordered breathing in Japan: an overview].

Questionnaires were answered by 3,243 presumably healthy subjects who underwent regular medical checkups in four cities. The prevalences of risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) were as follows; habitual snoring was reported by 13-16%, excessive daytime sleepiness by 8-9%, insomnia by 7-13% and systemic hypertension by 5-13%. Polysomnographic studies performed on some possible SDB cases who were selected by the presence of risk factors estimated that the average prevalence of SDB in the present population would be in the range of 1.14-1.94%. Secondly, questionnaires were sent to the main hospitals and institutes involved in the management of patients with SDB, asking about diagnostic criteria, number of SDB patients, management, effectiveness of treatment, etc. The total number of patients registered at those hospitals was 2,751 in 1991. Of the 132 patients who were followed for more than six months, the efficacies of body weight loss, medications, nasal CPAP and UPPP were compared. Based on the analyses of the 279 patients examined some tentative vriteria for diagnosis and for treatment are proposed.

Female↗
PubMed1993

[Serum level of soluble ICAM-1 in subjects with nasal allergy and ICAM-1 mRNA expression in nasal mucosa].

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been reported to be instrumental in airway eosinophils and airway hyperreactivity. In nasal mucosa, ICAM-1 molecule is observed on the endothelium, around the nasal gland and just below the epithelium. In this study, we investigated the gene expression of ICAM-1 in nasal mucosa and the serum level of soluble ICAM-1. In subjects with nasal allergy sensitized with house dust, a pair of house dust antigen discs were placed on the inferior nasal mucosa on one side, while control discs free of antigen were placed on the other side. After six hours, the inferior nasal mucosa were bilaterally obtained separately. By Southern blot analysis following a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, we detected ICAM-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nasal mucosa. Although the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was already observed in the nasal mucosa without antigen challenge, it increased six hours after the challenge. The serum level of immunoreactive soluble ICAM-1 in the subjects with nasal allergy and normal subjects was evaluated by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum level of soluble ICAM-1 in the subjects with nasal allergy was 380.7 +/- 105.2 ng/ml. It was significantly higher than that of the normal control, which was 278.6 +/- 64.6 ng/ml. These results suggested that the increased expression of ICAM-1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of nasal allergy by facilitating the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and their functional activities.

Adolescent↗