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Biomedical subjects

K Shiba

Publications and source records attributed to K Shiba.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

The secY protein can act post-translationally to promote bacterial protein export.

Conditionally lethal Escherichia coli mutants in secY (prlA) show defective export of proteins to the periplasm and outer membrane. It has been proposed that this gene and other sec genes must act on pro-OmpA at an early stage of protein synthesis in order to allow later translocation to occur. We have described a temperature-sensitive mutation in which the secYts function is impaired at the nonpermissive temperature (Ito, K. (1984) Mol. Gen. Genet. 197, 204-208). A plasmid bearing the wild-type secY gene under the control of the lactose operon (Shiba, K., Ito, K., Yura, T., and Cerretti, D. P. (1984) EMBO J. 3, 631-635) has been introduced into this mutant strain. We now report that the in vivo chase of pulse-labeled full length pro-OmpA to mature OmpA is accelerated by inducing the synthesis of the wild-type secY protein at the end of the period of pulse labeling. We have also assayed the requirements for secY function for in vitro protein translocation. Membranes derived from secY ts cells which were incubated at 42 degrees C were inactive in vitro in the post-translational uptake and processing of pro-OmpA. Thus, the secY protein can act post-translationally, enhancing the translocation of completed pro-OmpA polypeptide chains across the plasma membrane.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1986

Altered translation initiation factor 2 in the cold-sensitive ssyG mutant affects protein export in Escherichia coli.

The Escherichia coli gene secY (pr1A) codes for an integral membrane protein that plays an essential role in protein export. We previously isolated cold-sensitive mutations (ssy) as extragenic suppressors of temperature-sensitive secY24 mutation. Now we show that the ssyG class of mutations are within infB coding for the translation initiation factor IF2. The mutants produce altered forms of IF2 with a cold-sensitive in vitro activity to form a translation initiation complex. The mutation suppresses not only secY24 but also other secretion-defective mutations such as secA51 and rp10215. The beta-galactosidase enzyme activity of the MalE-LacZ 72-47 hybrid protein is strikingly reduced in the ssyG mutant at the permissive high temperature, while the hybrid protein itself is normally synthesized. This effect, which was observed only for the hybrid protein with a functional signal sequence, may result from some alteration in the cellular localization of the protein. These results suggest that IF2 or the translation initiation step can modulate protein export reactions. The isolation of cold-sensitive ssyG mutations in infB provides genetic evidence that IF2 is indeed essential for normal growth of E. coli cells.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1986

Suppressors of the secY24 mutation: identification and characterization of additional ssy genes in Escherichia coli.

We previously reported (Shiba et al., J. Bacteriol. 160:696-701, 1984) the isolation and characterization of the mutation (ssy) that suppresses the protein export defect due to the secY24(Ts) mutation and causes cold-sensitive growth of Escherichia coli. This report describes more systematic isolation of ssy mutations. Among temperature-resistant revertants of the secY24 mutant, 65 mutants were found to be cold sensitive. These cold-sensitive mutations have been classified by genetic mapping. Twenty-two mutations fell into the ssyA class previously described. The remaining mutations were located at five new loci: ssyB at 9.5 min between tsx and lon; ssyD around 3 min; ssyE at 72.5 min near secY; ssyF at 20.5 min within rpsA; and ssyG at 69.0 min near argG. Two predominant classes, ssyA and ssyB, are probably affected in protein synthesis at the elongation step, whereas the ssyF mutant contained an altered form of ribosomal protein S1 (the gene product of rpsA). These cold-sensitive ssy mutations which suppress secY24 may define genes whose function is somehow involved in the secY-dependent protein secretion mechanism. However, the existence of multiple suppressor loci makes it unlikely that all of these genes specify additional components of the export machinery. A delicate balance may exist between the systems for synthesizing and exporting proteins.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1986

Diverse effects of the MalE-LacZ hybrid protein on Escherichia coli cell physiology.

The hybrid protein between the periplasmic maltose-binding protein and the cytoplasmic beta-galactosidase (the MalE-LacZ hybrid protein) was previously shown to block the export of envelope proteins when synthesized in large amounts. Now we show that the hybrid protein exerts another major effect on the cell, that is, induction of the heat shock proteins. This latter effect was dependent on the htpR gene product but independent of the function of the signal sequence on the hybrid protein. On the other hand, the previously reported induction of the SecA protein by the hybrid protein was independent of htpR and may be caused by the reduced protein export ability of the cell. The functional htpR gene is essential for viability of the cell in which the basal level of the hybrid protein is synthesized, whereas in the absence of the hybrid protein htpR is dispensable at low temperature. These results indicate that the hybrid protein somehow generates a signal or stress that is similar to what the cell experiences at elevated temperatures.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1986

[High-yield synthesis of 14C labeled alicyclic amino acids with high specific radioactivity using potassium (14C) cyanide].

In order to study the tumor specificity of synthetic nonmetabolizing amino acids, 10 different 14C labeled alicyclic amino acids (3a-3j) were synthesized in high yield and with high specific radioactivity. Carbon-14 labeled alicyclic hydantoins (2a-2j) were synthesized from a small amount of radioactive potassium [14C] cyanide and corresponding ketones (1a-1j). Th 14C hydantoins (2a-2j) thus obtained were hydrolyzed without isolation to give 14C labeled alicyclic amino acids (3a-3j). The overall radiochemical yields of the amino acids (3a-3j) from potassium [14C] cyanide were 55.6-93.2% with radiochemical purity more than 99%. Specific activities of these 14C labeled compounds (3a-3j) were 209- 250 MBq/mmol (5.66-6.75 mCi/mmol). When non-radioactive potassium cyanide was not added as a carrier, 1-aminocyclopentane[14C]-carboxylic acid (3b) and 1-aminocyclooctane[14C]carboxylic acid (3e) were synthesized in the yield of 64.9 and 19.0% respectively with the specific activity exceed more than 1.85 GBq/mmol (50mCi/mmol).

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1986

[Pharmacokinetic studies of a new oral cephem T-2588. Pharmacokinetics in gastrectomized volunteers and the renal excretory system in healthy volunteers].

According to the result of the pharmacokinetic examination of T-2588 (esterified prodrug of T-2525) administered to adult male volunteers who have undergone gastrectomy, it appears that the absorption of T-2588 is delayed in the hypoacidity or the anacidity and also the excretion ratio of T-2525A (an inactive metabolite of T-2525) showed a tendency to become higher in these subjects. Again, according to the result of the pharmacokinetic examination of T-2588 when it was administered together with probenecid to normal healthy volunteers, it appears that the T-2525 is excreted from the kidneys not only into the glomerular filtration but also partly through renal tubules.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Receptor macroautoradiography of 3H-spiroperidol binding in the rat brain].

The kinetic and pharmacological characteristics of 3H-spiroperidol binding sites were studied in slide mounted sections of rat forebrain, and optical binding conditions were defined. Using the receptor macroautoradiographic techniques with tritium-sensitive LKB sheet film, the distribution of dopamine (D2) receptor was determined in slices including striatum of rat brain. The autoradiograms were analyzed using Video Digitizer System combined with video camera and minicomputer, and the subtraction images were obtained. These studies suggest that this quantitative receptor macroautoradiography might be useful in the explanation of etiology in the field of neuro-psychiatric diseases and the fundamental studies of positron emission computed tomography, since this method has several advantages over in vivo autoradiography and in vitro receptor assay.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

A defined mutation in the protein export gene within the spc ribosomal protein operon of Escherichia coli: isolation and characterization of a new temperature-sensitive secY mutant.

We describe the properties of a temperature-sensitive mutant, ts24, of Escherichia coli. The mutant has a conditional defect in export of periplasmic and outer membrane proteins. At 42 degrees C, precursor forms of these proteins accumulate within the cell where they are protected from digestion by externally added trypsin. The accumulated precursors are secreted and processed very slowly at 42 degrees C. The mutation is complemented by expression of the wild-type secY (or prlA) gene, which has been cloned into a plasmid vector from the promoter-distal part of the spc ribosomal protein operon. The mutant has a single base change in the middle of the secY gene, which would result in the replacement of a glycine residue by aspartic acid in the protein product. These results demonstrate that the gene secY (prlA) is essential for protein translocation across the E. coli cytoplasmic membrane.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1984

Mutation that suppresses the protein export defect of the secY mutation and causes cold-sensitive growth of Escherichia coli.

A cold-sensitive mutant was isolated among temperature-resistant revertants of the secY24 mutant defective in secretion of envelope proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane at 42 degrees C. A single mutation, designated ssyA3, is responsible both for the extragenic suppression of secY and for the cold-sensitive growth. In contrast to the parental secY24 mutant, the suppressed cells do not accumulate precursors of envelope proteins at any temperatures. The cells containing the ssyA3 mutation, whether in combination with secY24 or not, show an optimal growth at 42 degrees C and a very poor growth at 30 degrees C. At the low temperature, protein synthesis is generally slowed down, probably at the step of chain elongation. The gene ssyA was mapped at a new locus between hisS and glyA on the chromosome. It is possible that the product of this gene interacts both with the protein secretion system and the protein synthesizing system.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1984

Synergistic activity of astromicin and beta-lactam antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo.

Synergistic activity of astromicin and an antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotic such as piperacillin, cefsulodin or carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Synergy in vitro was observed more often when astromicin was combined with piperacillin or cefsulodin than when it was combined with carbenicillin. The combination of astromicin with piperacillin showed a bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a bacteriostatic concentration of each antibiotic alone. The synergy observed in vitro was reproduced against experimental mouse infections, and the astromicin-piperacillin or cefsulodin combination produced significantly greater protective effects than the single use of individual antibiotics.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1984

[Comparative distribution study of 14C labeled amino acids, glucose-analogue and precursor of nuclei acid, as tumor seeking agents].

As tumor-seeking agents, glucose analogues, natural amino acids, synthetic nonmetabolized amino acids, and precursor of nucleic acids, etc., labeled with positron emitter, such as 11C and 18F have been recently investigated. However, there are very few reports concerning comparative study of tumor uptake and tissue distribution of these agents. This preliminary paper describes comparative distribution and whole-body autoradiography of these agents. 14C labeled deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG), L-, DL-leucine, 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (ACPC), alpha-amino isobutyric acid (alpha-AIB), and thymidine were intravenously injected through tail vein into separate groups of the experimental animals. As the experimental animals, the mice with Ehrlich tumor and the rats with Hepatoma AH109A were used. Within 30 min after injection, FDG had the highest tumor uptake and tumor to tissue ratios, although FDG was inferior to ACPC and thymidine in related to tumor to heart, lung and brain ratios. However, the time course study indicated that tumor uptake of ACPC, alpha-AIB and D-leucine increased with time, whereas those of other agents decreased with time or reached a plateau. Thus, at 120 min after injection, ACPC had the highest tumor uptake and tumor to tissue ratios, although ACPC was inferior to FDG in related to tumor to blood, liver and pancreas ratios. Autoradiogram of ACPC showed very clear tumor image as well as that of FDG. The above data suggest that synthetic nonmetabolized amino acids, such as ACPC may be promising as tumor-seeking agents, when used with a single photon emission computed tomography, while glucose analogue such as FDG, are the best tumor-seeking agent, when used with a positron emission computed tomography.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

A temperature-sensitive mutant of E. coli exhibiting slow processing of exported proteins.

A temperature-sensitive E. coli mutant with a mutation in the spc ribosomal protein operon was found to have a conditional defect in the processing of precursor proteins destined for the periplasmic space or the outer membrane. At high temperatures, significant amounts of precursor proteins having unprocessed signal sequences are detected in the mutant cell by pulse-labeling. The precursors are processed at very slow rates during a subsequent chase. Genetic analysis indicates that the mutation impairs the function of a gene, termed secY, located at the promoter-distal part of the spc operon. The secY gene is distinct from those genes previously known to specify ribosomal proteins, yet it is within the spc operon. It is suggested that the product of the secY gene is a component of the cellular apparatus that is essential for protein secretion across the cytoplasmic membrane. The gene secY is probably identical with prlA, previously identified as a suppressor of signal sequence mutations.

Bacterial Proteins↗