An analytical method for the detection and quantification of ciprofloxacin and its known metabolites M1, M2, M3 and M4 in urine, serum/plasma, bile, faeces and tissue is described. For the liquid matrices the only sample preparation that is required is dilution. The assay consists of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. For the metabolites M2, M3 and M4 an additional post-column derivatization by successive thermolysis and photolysis is needed. A suitable simple post-column reactor has been constructed. Detection limits for all compounds are between 0.2 and 2.2 ng/ml (absolute detection limits 2-22 pg). Compared with fluorescence detection alone, the derivatization increases the selectivity of detection significantly. The linearity, precision and accuracy of the method were determined.

Bile↗

PubMed1987

[The general public's knowledge about AIDS].

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1987

Bladder cancer detection and surveillance: carcinoembryonic antigen as a monitor of neoplastic transformation.

Routine cytopathology of exfoliated urothelial cells will identify only 70% of patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) because most well-differentiated bladder tumors are not detected. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was identified on urothelial cancer cells from 66% of patients with grade I TCC, 65% with grade II TCC, 65% with grade III TCC, and 80% of patients with CIS. Immunoperoxidase labelling of CEA can enhance the sensitivity of exfoliative cytology.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗

PubMed1987

Diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam are found in rat brain and adrenal and may be of plant origin.

Benzodiazepine-binding inhibitory (BBI) activity was detected in aqueous extracts of brain and peripheral tissues of rats. The BBI activity in brain and in adrenals was, at least partially, due to the presence of N-desmethyldiazepam and diazepam as shown by HPLC, UV-spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In addition, BBI activity was found in standardized rat food, as well as in a variety of cereals and in other nutritive plant products. In wheat grains diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam could be identified by HPLC and analysis by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The estimated amounts of the two benzodiazepines present in rat brain and adrenals and in wheat grains were in the low ppb range. Since laboratory contamination was rigorously excluded we conclude that diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam are naturally occurring compounds. These findings may explain their occurrence in the brain and adrenals of animals.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1987

Resistance to cerebrospinal fluid outflow and intracranial pressure in patients with hydrocephalus after subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Resistance to CSF-outflow (Rout) and intracranial pressure (ICP) were measured in 33 patients with hydrocephalus after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Eleven patients examined between 10 to 30 days after SAH had high pressure hydrocephalus (HPH). Twenty-two patients had normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). All HPH-patients had ICP above 15 mmHg, plateau waves and B-waves, a median Rout of 59 mmHg x ml-1 x min-1 (range 29-100). All NPH-patients had a normal ICP level, no plateau waves, but long periods of B-waves and a median Rout of 22 mmHg x ml-1 x min-1 (range 6-47). Of the 11 patients with HPH six were shunted and five had temporary ventricular drainage. Five patients improved and six died. Of the five survivors only one went back to work. Of the 22 NPH-patients 18 were treated with a shunt, one refused shunt operation and three had normal Rout. Seventeen improved after shunting. At follow-up 12 had a normal social life, 5 lived in a nursing home and 1 was dead. Thus, early development of hydrocephalus after subarachnoid haemorrhage is associated with a high Rout and a high ICP, whereas late (more than one month) hydrocephalus may be associated with normal ICP and high Rout. Patients with NPH and a high Rout have frequent B-waves and should be shunted. Patients with a long interval from subarachnoid haemorrhage to the diagnosis of hydrocephalus often have a normal ICP, low frequency of B-waves, normal CSF-dynamics and need no shunting.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Observer variability in assessment of angiographic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.

In clinical practice and in many reported studies about incidences and time courses of vasospasm the angiographic spasms are judged by eye without clear definition of vessel narrowings. To evaluate the reliability of this diagnostic method two experienced neuroradiologists and two experienced neurosurgeons independently in two sessions, examined 30 carotid angiograms performed after an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. The intra- and inter-observer agreements for the absent/present and localization diagnosis of vasospasm were calculated by means of Kappa statistics. Kappa values for both intra- and inter-observer agreement showed great variability and in general most of the agreements were not much better than chance expected agreement. The diagnostic method of judging angiographic vasospasm by eye without clear-cut definitions of vessels narrowings is unreliable and should not be used in the future, neither in clinical practice nor in research.

Cerebral Angiography↗

PubMed1987

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: analyses of glycine cleavage system in typical and atypical cases.

The molecular nature of the glycine cleavage system was investigated in eight patients with typical (neonatal) and two patients with atypical (late onset) nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH). The overall activity of the glycine cleavage system was found to be decreased in all of the liver and brain tissue studied, but it was undetectable or extremely low in typical NKH, whereas there was some residual activity in atypical NKH. Six patients with typical NKH had a specific defect in the P protein, and one a defect in the T protein; the activity of the T protein was defective in one patient with atypical NKH.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1987

Survival and quality of life after continuous accelerated radiotherapy of glioblastomas.

One hundred and thirty three patients were given radiotherapy after subtotal resection of glioblastoma with different total doses and fractionation schedules including 38 patients receiving continuous accelerated fractionation with 3 fractions of 1.6 Gy per day up to 60 Gy in 2 weeks. Tolerance of the accelerated schedule was as good as of the conventional schedules but overall survival was not improved.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Diminished effectiveness of methylphenidate on cognitive tasks in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity.

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Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Binding of [14,15-3H]14,15-dihydroforskolin to rat liver membranes: comparison with the stimulatory effect of forskolin on adenylate cyclase.

The binding of [14,15-3H]14,15-dihydroforskolin ([3H]DHF) to rat liver membranes has been further characterized and was compared with the stimulatory effect of forskolin on adenylate cyclase. The binding equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) for 14,15-dihydroforskolin obtained in inhibition experiments was 0.6 microM, with a maximal binding capacity (Bmax) of 114 pmol/mg protein. A similar KD value (0.5 microM) was derived from kinetics studies that revealed very rapid association and dissociation reactions. For structure-activity relationship studies several forskolin derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit [3H]DHF binding and increase adenylate cyclase activity. Among the tested compounds, forskolin itself was the most potent agonist (K1 = 0.2 microM). Further modification of the molecule in position 7 and (or) 1 decreased or abolished its agonist properties in both adenylate cyclase and binding studies. [3H]DHF binding was not affected by several nucleotides, carbohydrates, lectins, and hormone receptor agonists including isoproterenol, glucagon, and adenosine, but the steroids 17-beta-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone showed slight inhibitory effects at unphysiologically high concentrations. [3H]DHF binding and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase were sensitive to heat and N-ethylmaleimide treatment. Forskolin protected adenylate cyclase against inactivation by heat but not by N-ethylmaleimide. Preincubation of the membrane with trypsin decreased [3H]DHF binding. The results presented in this study demonstrate that the binding sites identified with [3H]DHF have a high specificity for forskolin and provide evidence that these binding sites are involved in the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗

PubMed1987

AIDS and social medicine: strategies for research.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1987

Pre-existing arterial hypertension in subarachnoid haemorrhage: an unfavourable prognostic factor.

In the Danish Aneurysm Study 1,076 patients were admitted with an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in the 5-year period 1978-83. Pre-existing arterial hypertension, defined by the necessity for antihypertensive treatment at the time of admission was identified in 155 patients (15%). Nine hundred and two (85%) were normotensive. Nineteen patients were excluded because of inadequate information. Comparisons between the hypertensive and normotensive groups of patients showed no significant differences in sex-distribution, onset and course of the initial insult, results of primary CT-scan, location, size and numbers of aneurysms, number of rebleedings, and also in neurological symptoms, mental status, accommodation and occupation at a 2-year follow-up examination. The hypertensive group differed significantly in the following variables from the normotensive group. The median age was 8 years older (55 and 47 years of age respectively); a fewer number of patients fell into Hunt grade I-II on admission (34% and 43% respectively); an increased frequency of extracranial (23% and 13% respectively) and intracranial (35% and 18%, respectively) atherosclerosis was seen on angiography; a fewer number of patients underwent operation (48% and 66%, respectively); and at the 2-year follow-up examination an increased rate of overall mortality was evident (59% and 42%, respectively). There was an increased rate of mortality in patients in Hunt grade I-II on admission (52% and 22%, respectively) and an increased rate of mortality in patients who rebled (100% and 75%, respectively). Pre-existing arterial hypertension is an unfavourable prognostic factor after an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Age as a prognostic factor after intracranial aneurysm rupture.

1,076 patients with ruptured aneurysms admitted to neurosurgical units in Denmark over a period of 5 years were followed up for 2 years. The outcome as regards survival and normality of mental state was assessed in relation to age, clinical grade, and whether or not surgery was performed. For all ages and grades operated patients did better than those not operated on. Age seemed to have no bearing on outcome except for operated on good condition patients (grades 1-3) under the age of 40 years, who were significantly more likely to have a normal mental outcome than other groups.

Adolescent↗