Although critical thinking is an essential student skill, strategies that promote critical thinking are not always employed in nursing education. Fostering student questioning is one strategy that can be integrated in both the classroom and clinical setting. Some research results indicate that student questioning improves problem solving. However, students told to seek answers must first learn to ask questions. Students can be taught and encouraged to question through a variety of methods the author discusses in this article.

Faculty, Nursing↗

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Plaque assays of rubella virus in cultures of rabbit cornea (SIRC) cells.

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Adult↗

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Youth safety education and injury prevention program.

Unintentional injury remains the leading cause of death in U.S. children. This article provides a case evaluation of a school based youth safety education program based on the Think First National Injury Prevention Program curriculum. Partners for the program included an urban elementary school, a school of nursing, a Safe Kids Coalition, a regional trauma center, and pediatric, community, and critical care nurses. A convenience sample of 140 second grade children in a mid-Atlantic elementary school participated in a 1 hour-a-week injury prevention class over the course of 6 weeks. The Think First National Injury Prevention Program served as the core curriculum and evaluation framework. At the end of the program, knowledge test scores increased an average of 35% over pre-test measures. Ninety-eight percent of the faculty, staff nurses, student nurses, children, and parents indicated a positive overall value of the program and the need for it to continue on an ongoing basis. Safety resources are provided for pediatric nurses to use in their diverse practice settings.

Child↗

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Dual expression of human leukocyte antigen molecules and the B7-1 costimulatory molecule (CD80) on human melanoma cells after particle-mediated gene transfer.

The aim of this study was to determine if human melanoma cells could be molecularly modified by particle-mediated gene transfer with a "gene gun", using genes for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the B7-1 costimulatory molecule (CD80), and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2, to augment expression of both HLA molecules and B7-1. Established and early passage melanoma cells transfected with human IFN-gamma complementary DNA (cDNA) produced IFN-gamma (50-5,000 pg/mL). The biological effect of this IFN-gamma transgene included an upregulation, or de novo appearance, of HLA expression. These melanoma cells had no detectable baseline surface expression of the B7-1 costimulatory molecule, but 8% to 31% of these cells became B7-1 positive with no selection procedure after gene transfer with human B7-1 cDNA. After combination gene transfer with cDNAs for both IFN-gamma and B7-1, 9% to 33% of these cells expressed both HLA-DR and B7-1. In combination gene transfer experiments with cDNAs for both HLA-A2 and B7-1, dual expression of HLA-A2 and B7-1 was achieved in 10% to 17% of the melanoma cells. Thus, the molecular modification of human melanoma cells to increase expression of both HLA and B7-1 can be achieved by particle-mediated gene delivery and presents a promising strategy to stimulate antimelanoma T-cell immunity. Key words: Melanoma; T cells; B7-1 costimulatory molecule (CD80); major histocompatibility complex.

B7-1 Antigen↗