Domestic abuse in a central Mediterranean pregnant population.
The Mediterranean region is generally characterized by a patriarchal society that generally predisposes towards a higher prevalence of spouse abuse. The prevalence of domestic spouse abuse in a central Mediterranean closed island community was assessed to approximate 11.7% of the pregnant population. The abuse varied from psychological to physical abuse. There was a strong history of experience of domestic violence/abuse during childhood in both the victim and perpetrator suggesting that a "circle of abuse" may play a role in some cases. The socio-biological characteristics of the victim did not appear to statistically predispose towards a higher risk for domestic abuse, though single mothers were statistically more likely to report a history of domestic abuse. Abused women were more likely to smoke cigarettes during pregnancy than their counterparts. The perpetrator was statistically more likely to be unemployed, and smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol. There were no statistical correlation between a history of spouse abuse and educational level attained by both the victim and perpetrator. A history of domestic abuse appears to have an adverse effect on the pregnancy with a higher risk of premature birth and its attendant complications; although it is difficult to ascertain how much the reported poor obstetric outcome is a direct effect of violence itself or to other associated adverse social or biological co-factors. About a third of the women interviewed were unaware of the domestic violence services being offered in their community emphasizing the need of an information drive. The antenatal period, with the distribution of leaflets and antenatal classes, is an opportune time to promote the support services available in the community.