Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

K Rayner

Publications and source records attributed to K Rayner.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Graphemic and semantic similarity effects in the picture-word interference task.

Two experiments were performed using the picture-word interference task in which a word is superimposed on a line drawing of a picture which subjects must name. Incongruent words result in interference in naming the picture and the present studies examined the effect of graphemic and semantic similarity between the printed word and the picture label on naming times. Consistent with prior research a category effect was obtained such that a printed word from the same category as the object resulted in more interference than did a printed word not from the category of the object. However, it was also found that graphemic similarity between the printed word and the picture label reduced the size of the category effect. The time course of these effects was examined by varying the stimulus onset asynchrony between the print and the picture. The results are discussed within the logogen and pictogen framework.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Integrating pictorial information across eye movements.

Six experiments are reported dealing with the types of information integrated across eye movements in picture perception. A line drawing of an object was presented in peripheral vision, and subjects made an eye movement to it. During the saccade, the initially presented picture was replaced by another picture that the subject was instructed to name as quickly as possible. The relation between the stimulus on the first fixation and the stimulus on the second fixation was varied. Across the six experiments, there was about 100-130 ms facilitation when the pictures were identical compared with a control condition in which only the target location was specified on the first fixation. This finding clearly implies that information about the first picture facilitated naming the second picture. Changing the size of the picture from one fixation to the next had little effect on naming time. This result is consistent with work on reading and low-level visual processes in indicating that pictorial information is not integrated in a point-by-point manner in an integrated visual buffer. Moreover, only about 50 ms of the facilitation for identical pictures could be attributed to the pictures having the same name. When the pictures represented the same concept (e.g., two different pictures of a horse), there was a 90-ms facilitation effect that could have been the result of either the visual or conceptual similarity of the pictures. However, when the pictures had different names, only visual similarity produced facilitation. Moreover, when the pictures had different names, there appeared to be inhibition from the competing names. The results of all six experiments are consistent with a model in which the activation of both the visual features and the name of the picture seen on the first fixation survive the saccade and combine with the information extracted on the second fixation to produce identification and naming of the second picture.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed1984

Euthanasia.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Christianity↗
PubMed1983

Parafoveal visual information and semantic contextual constraints.

Two experiments are reported that examine the influence of semantic contextual constraints on an individual's ability to use parafoveal visual information. Subjects were presented either a word (reptile) or a row of Xs in foveal vision along with a parafoveal nonword (snckks) centered 2.3 degrees or 5 degrees to the left or right of fixation. The subjects were asked to pronounce the parafoveal stimulus aloud. During their eye movement to that stimulus, the nonword was replaced by a word that was either (a) semantically related to the foveal item and visually related to the parafoveal preview nonword (snakes), (b) semantically unrelated to the foveal item and visually related to the preview (sneaks), (c) semantically related to the foveal item and visually unrelated to the preview (lizard), or (d) semantically unrelated to the foveal item and visually unrelated to the preview (limits). In Experiment 1, subjects were only given 250 msec to use the semantic context, whereas in Experiment 2, subjects were given 1,250 msec. The results of both experiments yielded highly significant effects of contextual constraints and parafoveal visual information. However, the first experiment yielded additive effects of the two variables, whereas the second experiment yielded interactive effects. The results are discussed in light of recent arguments regarding the importance of contextual constraints for the use of parafoveal visual information.

Cues↗
PubMed1983

Latency of sequential eye movements: implications for reading.

The best available estimates indicate that the average minimum latency of saccadic eye movements (175-200 msec) approaches the mean duration of fixations in reading (200-250 msec). This fact presents a problem for models of reading which assume that an eye movement is initiated only after substantial information is processed on a fixation. Three experiments are reported that support earlier estimates of saccadic latency; the experiments were conducted under conditions in which the length of measured latencies could not reflect a motoric refractory period, spatial uncertainty, or temporal uncertainty.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1981

Masking of foveal and parafoveal vision during eye fixations in reading.

A window or visual mask as moved across text in synchrony with the reader's eye movements. The size of the window or mask was varied so that either information in foveal or parafoveal vision was masked on each fixation. In another experiment, the onset of the mask was delayed for a certain amount of time following the end of the saccade. The results of the experiments point out the relative importance of foveal and parafoveal vision for reading and further indicate that most of the visual information necessary for reading can be acquired during the first 50 msec that information is available during an eye fixation.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Role of alcohol in the aetiology of hypertension.

Hypertension is a common condition facing medical practitioners on a day-to-day basis, yet much is to be learnt regarding its cause. Excess alcohol intake has been recognized by clinicians as a causal factor on an anecdotal basis for many years now. Little evidence for this has been provided from statistical analysis of formal studies. On this basis, a study was undertaken in a population of 85 adult males to see if any correlations could be drawn between alcohol intake and standard blood pressure readings, taking into account as many other variables as possible which may contribute to blood pressure, such as age, body weight and smoking habits. In this study, a statistically significant relationship between alcohol intake and blood pressure is demonstrated, indicating a need for further investigation in this field.

Adult↗