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Biomedical subjects

K R Williams

Publications and source records attributed to K R Williams.

187 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

The Son-Rise Program intervention for autism: an investigation into family experiences.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing involvement of parents as therapists in interventions for their children with autism, research to date has focused almost exclusively on the outcome for the child, and little is known about the effects of involvement on the whole family. This is true even of highly intensive home-based approaches such as the Son-Rise Program (SRP), the focus of the present paper. A longitudinal questionnaire-based study is reported which investigated a number of potential positive and negative effects for the family, how these changed over time, and their relation to child characteristics and patterns of intervention implementation. METHODS: Questionnaires examining family demographics, patterns of intervention use and perceived family effects were distributed three times over the course of a year to families who had attended an initial training course in the use of the SRP. RESULTS: The results indicated that, although involvement led to more drawbacks than benefits for the families over time, family stress levels did not rise in all cases. Few relationships were found between family effects and patterns of intervention use, although there was a strong connection with parental perceptions of intervention efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study emphasize the need for those supporting families using home-based interventions to consider the needs of the whole family. This may be especially important if there are periods during which the family find the intervention to be less effective. Families embarking on such intensive approaches may also benefit from considering ways in which any disruption to family life can be minimized.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A finite element stress analysis of the transmandibular implant system.

PURPOSE: The aim of this work was a simulation of the onset of osseointegration of the transmandibular implant system in the mandible. This was achieved by imposing joint elements at the implant-bone interface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The geometric model was derived from the anatomic measurement of several mandibles by tomographic scanning. The spring constants of the joint elements interposed at the implant-bone interface were varied between 1 N/mm and 10(9) N/mm to represent the conditions leading to osseointegration. RESULTS: Increasing the value of the spring constant at the joint elements gradually increases the effective stress in an increasing volume of crestal cortical bone. Additionally, a larger volume of crestal cortical bone assumes a higher stress value as the simulation proceeds. CONCLUSION: This work indicates that considerable changes in stress magnitude and distribution occur in the crestal cortical bone margins as osseointegration is simulated, which may be the necessary stimulus for bone remodeling.

Bone Remodeling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A private organization and public agency partnership in community health education.

The authors address a unique partnership among private and public organizations, that of the American Red Cross and the Centers for Disease Control of the Public Health Service. The partnership stimulates an integrated community response to preventing and controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the local level. The partnership channels information and provides education to local communities through the efforts of volunteers and staff members. Information is made available as well through other partnerships established under the cooperative agreement between the American Red Cross and the Centers for Disease Control. These partnerships include other national organizations, such as the National Leadership Coalition on AIDS, the National Association of People with AIDS, the National Urban League, and the National Council of La Raza. Education and information messages are designed to complement and be consistent with information and messages from the Public Health Service through the National AIDS Information and Education Program and the "America Responds to AIDS" public information campaign. The objectives are to mobilize local community support for efforts for HIV infection and AIDS prevention and services, as well as to heighten public awareness of the issues.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving community support for HIV and AIDS prevention through national partnerships.

If the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is to be prevented, the environment in which people live should predispose them to engage in and sustain safe behaviors. Too often in public health, the range of organizations that make up that environment are overlooked, and prevention strategies are limited to familiar medical and public health institutions. Improvement in public health does not occur in isolation, apart from the other institutions of society--and so it is with the HIV-AIDS epidemic. Education; business and labor; religion; government; voluntary, civic, and social organizations; and the media can all serve as facilitators or as barriers to creating the environment--at the national, regional, State, or local level--that will prevent and control the spread of HIV infection and AIDS and support the needs of those already infected. Collectively, they become a comprehensive HIV prevention network with access to and influence on the total public. One of the most significant benefits of this network is the multiplier effect on the limited resources of public health. Therefore, as part of its HIV and AIDS prevention strategy, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has developed national partnerships to involve the leadership of business, labor and industry, religious institutions and organizations, and voluntary organizations in HIV and AIDS prevention and service. Some of these partnerships are federally funded, others are not. The national partnership program described in this paper has produced increased resources for HIV education and services and has demonstrated the synergistic benefits resulting from public and private cooperation in addressing the HIV epidemic.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Synthesis of the p10 single-stranded nucleic acid binding protein from murine leukemia virus.

The p10 murine leukemia virus (MuLV) protein is a basic single-stranded nucleic acid binding protein encoded by the extreme 3' region of the gag gene of MuLV type C. It contains the Cys-X2-Cys-X4-His-X4-Cys sequence shared by all retroviral gag polyproteins. A similar sequence is found in the gene 32 single-stranded DNA binding protein of bacteriophage T4 and is believed to be the zinc binding region of the protein. Solid phase synthesis of p10 was carried out based on the known primary structure of the native protein, with the exception that the acetamidomethyl (Acm) derivative of cysteine was incorporated at all three cysteine positions. The structure of the synthetic p10 was confirmed by direct amino-acid sequencing, as well as by amino acid analysis and FAB mass spectrometry of endoproteinase Lys-C peptides derived from p10. A Chou and Fasman analysis of the primary sequence predicts that p10 contains 9% beta strand and/or sheet and 36% alpha helix. Circular dichroism experiments carried out on the Acm derivatized peptide gave somewhat different results, in that they suggest that p10 contains approximately 70% random coil, less than 30% beta strand and/or sheet and less than 10% alpha helix. With a Ka of greater than 10(8) M-1 for single-stranded RNA, the synthetic peptide binds as tightly as the p10 protein does when isolated directly from infected HTG-2 cells. The Acm groups can be removed from the synthetic p10 peptide by the use of mercuric acetate, followed by treatment with dithiothreitol to sequester the mercuric ion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of the temperature of tube feeding on gastric motility in monkeys.

The diarrhea sometimes associated with nasogastric tube feeding has been attributed to the cool temperature of the formula. To test the effect of temperature variations of liquid feedings on gastric motility, a strain gauge and feeding tube were surgically implanted in the stomachs of rhesus monkeys. With the monkeys awake and restrained, the investigators infused constant volumes of water and liquid diet formula at varying temperatures and recorded gastric motility. The temperature of the liquid did not significantly alter gastric motility or gastric emptying, suggesting that the temperature of administration of the tube feeding is not a cause of diarrhea.

Animals↗