The regeneration of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (reduced form, NADH) by the reaction of NAD with hydrogen gas was carried out in the presence of the hydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus. And the formations of alcohol, CO2, and 6-phospho-gluconate were observed by a combination of the above system and corresponding dehydrogenases. NADH was regenerated by hydrogen gas with the hydrogenase and recycled in these reactions.

Alcaligenes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanism of survival in plant cells at super-low temperatures by rapid cooling and rewarming.

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Dimethyl Sulfoxide↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Heart rate variability in normotensive healthy children with aging.

Although the heart rate variability (HRV) values in adults decrease with aging, those in children show a variety of changes. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between HRV and aging, physique and blood pressure in 70 healthy male school children, between 6 and 12 years of age. The subjects were divided into 3 age groups (6-7, 8-9 and 10-12 years) and 3 other groups according to physique (thin, under -10%; normal, -10-20% and obese, over 20% of obesity index). After recording a 24-h ambulatory electrocardiograph, HRV was determined spectrally, using 3 components: the total-frequency (TF) component (0.01 to 0.5 Hz), the low-frequency (LF) component (0.04 to 0.15 Hz), the high-frequency (HF) component (0.15 to 0.5 Hz) and also a two component ratio (LF/HF). The HRV values between the 3 age groups had a significant effect on TF, LF and LF/HF during the 24-h period, with the values increasing with age. The HRV values between the 3 physique groups had no significant effect. Therefore, changes in HRV in school children are affected by age and not physique. It is possible that the increase in HRV values with age is caused by the development of the autonomic nervous system.

Aging↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Does sodium sensitivity affect nocturnal blood pressure variation in outpatients with hypertension?

We investigated the relationship between sodium sensitivity and diurnal variation of blood pressure in outpatients with hypertension. Twenty hypertensives were maintained on both a regular sodium diet for a period of 2 weeks and a low salt (7 g/day) diet for a period of one or two weeks. Ambulatory blood pressure was recorded at thirty minute intervals for 24 hours by automatic device before and during low salt diet. Patients were classified by nocturnal fall in blood pressure. 14 patients were classified as sodium sensitive, whereas 6 were classified as non-sodium sensitive on the basis of a > or = 0 in salt sensitive index caused by sodium restriction. Incidence of reversed dipper and non-dipper in systolic blood pressure was reduced by sodium restriction, however, dipper and extreme dipper were increased. In conclusion, the results of this study show that patients with high sodium sensitivity index have strong sodium sensitivity and non-dipper is not always changed by sodium restriction.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between diagnostic subtypes of depression and occupation in Japan.

The relationship between occupational groups and the subtypes of endogenous depression was investigated. 98 patients who were diagnosed as having endogenous depression and hospitalized in the psychiatric department of a medical school hospital over the 15-year period between 1981 and 1996 were divided into two occupational groups: 67 patients were classified as belonging to the industrialized society occupation group (e.g., office workers, managers, teachers and technicians) and 31 patients were classified as belonging to the traditional society occupation group (e.g., farmers and skilled manual workers). The unipolar-to-bipolar depression ratio for the industrialized society occupation group was revealed to be higher than that of the traditional society occupation group. This finding seems to support the view that the incidence of unipolar depression has increased with the process of industrialization. However, bipolar depression is less likely to be affected by societal and cultural changes due to the probably biologically dominant etiology of this form of depression.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rewards in practice from chrono-meta-analyses 'recycling' heart rate, ectopy, ischemia and blood pressure information.

Previously published average curves of heart rate and duration of ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease, studied while on placebo or on treatment with either atenolol or diltiazem, are re-analysed for the assessment of about-daily (circadian) and about-weekly (circaseptan) changes in these variables and of any treatment effect on rhythm characteristics. In addition to circadians, a circaseptan pattern characterizes the duration of ischemia in all three aforementioned study stages. Both drugs decrease the duration of ischemia, atenolol, but not diltiazem, also affects the circadian amplitude and acrophase of this variable. A circaseptan pattern is also found for heart rate on placebo and on treatment with atenolol, but not with diltiazem. Both drugs lower heart rate and the circadian amplitude and 24-h standard deviation of heart rate, atenolol much more markedly than diltiazem. Circadian and circaseptan rhythm characteristics and their alterations with treatment serve to optimize treatment by timing its administration. Chronobiologic surveillance of variables that are being readily monitored as-one-goes by modern implantable devices can also serve for the validation of the effectiveness of drug and electrical therapy. Rhythm alterations, in turn, can provide the earliest warnings of an elevated disease risk and lead to an improved diagnosis.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Excessive circadian amplitude of blood pressure increases risk of ischaemic stroke and nephropathy.

After 48-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, the incidence of ischaemic stroke, nephropathy, coronary heart disease and retinopathy was prospectively assessed for 6 years in 297 subjects, including 176 treated patients with an elevated blood pressure mean (MESOR-hypertensives). The relative risk associated with an excessive circadian blood pressure amplitude is 8.2 (95% confidence interval 3.1 to 21.7; p < 0.001) for ischaemic stroke and 6.9 (2.9 to 16.3; p < 0.001) for nephropathy. In MESOR-hypertensives, the relative risk for ischaemic stroke and nephropathy is 6.3 (p < 0.005) and 4.0 (p < 0.05), respectively. In MESOR-normotensives as well, an excessive circadian blood pressure amplitude is associated with a large increase in risk for ischaemic stroke and nephropathy (p < 0.05). An excessive circadian blood pressure amplitude is an entity in its own right that increases the risk of adverse vascular events irrespective of the blood pressure MESOR, age and the presence of other known risk factors. The diagnosis of this condition requires around-the-clock monitoring of blood pressure. The treatment of patients with this condition should aim not only at lowering the blood pressure mean but also at reducing blood pressure variability within 24 h.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Individual assessment of antihypertensive response by self-starting cumulative sums.

A self-interpreted control chart, on an individualized basis, assesses the effect of a switch from beta-blockers to an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor in a patient with occasional blood pressure (BP) excess. In dense and long data series, the BP and heart rate (HR) of this patient respond to the change in treatment by the test criterion of a self-starting Cumulative Sum (cusum), which reaches values outside a decision interval with a lowering of BP and an increase in HR and vice versa, at least for BP, after treatment cessation. Thereafter, minimal sampling requirements are sought in the same data by applying the same control chart approach to decimated data. Skeleton sampling schemes in a system of chronobiologic self-analysis and interpretation of manually recorded data obtained at strategically placed times (established on the basis of data decimations) could complement control charts that are used on a home computer or preferably would be built into the output of ambulatory monitors used at the outset as a minimum and routinely as an optimum.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Blood pressure variability assessed by semiautomatic and ambulatorily functional devices for home use.

As a basis for chronobiologic analyses and thereby for screening deviant blood pressure, measurements are advocated, preferably with ambulatorily functional instrumentation at half-hour intervals around-the-clock for an initial span of 7 days. When only manual instrumentation is available, 3-hourly measurements during waking and one measurement, preferably by a companion, around mid-sleep is recommended to detect a blood pressure disorder. Such screening is warranted for a reasonably reliable diagnosis, particularly in order to recognize circadian blood pressure overswinging (Circadian Hyper-Amplitude-Tension, CHAT) and to separate this new disease risk syndrome from an elevation of the time structure (chronome)-adjusted average (MESOR), that is MESOR-hypertension, and from the coexistence of the two foregoing conditions.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Chronomes, time structures, for chronobioengineering for "a full life".

Week-long or longer monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate, coupled to time-structure analyses, can help detect disease-risk elevations, as a warning of the need for a preventive prehabilitation. Within the normal range of physiologic variation, computer methods quantify time structures, or chronomes, that can serve as reference values. The major applied purpose for mapping chronomes is the detection of disease-risk syndromes such as blood pressure "overswinging" and heart rate "underswinging." Too much blood pressure variability (circadian hyperamplitude tension; CHAT), is a risk factor for vascular disease. Other risk syndromes are chronome alterations of heart rate variability (CAHRVs), consisting of a loss of "jitter", i.e., a reduced standard deviation of heart rate or of alterations in the spectral element of the heart-rate-variability chronome, such as in the correlation dimension, an endpoint of deterministic chaos. These alterations can again serve for prehabilitation. On the basic side, the spectral element of the heart-rate-variability chronomes extends from focus on the heartbeat's period of about 1 second to periods in heart rate and its standard deviation that are numerical equivalents of about 10.5- and about 21-year cycles of solar activity. A seemingly unnatural physiologic rhythm or pattern (such as one of 81.6 hours) may correspond numerically to a purely physical environmental rhythm. For example, interplanetary magnetic storms, with their cycles as external chronome components, trigger myocardial infarctions, strokes, and traffic accidents. The systematic monitoring of external rhythms along with physiologic ones for the concurrent analysis of rhythms with longer and longer periods could detect alterations anywhere in and between the 1 cycle/sec and the 1 cycle/10.5- or 21-years regions of the spectrum. Chronobiomimetic engineering for discovering both instantaneous and long-term chronorisk alterations can provide warnings of increased risk. If risk-lowering therapy is then instituted automatically, instrumented health care will be extended beyond the pacemaker-cardioverter-defibrillator, which focuses on the frequency of 1 cycle/sec. Instrumentation that automatically detects blood pressure that varies too much and heart rate that varies too little is needed for prompting prophylactic CHAT and CAHRV treatment. A database of reference values that can be used for chronodiagnosis is now accumulating.

Accidents, Traffic↗