PubMed1975
During the period from Dec. 7th 1972 to Jan. 8th 1973 76 cattle deaths were reported in 20 herds on the island of Møon and the adjacent south-eastern area of Sealand. The disease was characterized by a sudden onset and a rapid and invariably fatal course. Initially, there was a loss of appetite, depression, excessive salivation and incoordination. These symptoms progressed to paralysis and, in some animals, trmor and convulsions. Death usually ensued less than 2 hours after the first observation of symptoms. Losses in the herds varied from 1 to 12 animals. In herds with multiple incidents the majority of deaths occurred in the 24-hour-period following observation of the first case. Pathology: Gross lesions were few and inconclusive. Histology revealed marked dilatation of cerebral and maningeal blood vessels (arterioles, venoles and capillaries), with perivascular edema and haemorrhage. Adjacent neurons and glia cells showed various degrees of degeneration, apparently secondary to the vascular lesion. In all affected herds sugar beet pulp from one particular sugar mill had been used during the period preceding the outbreak. The syndrome was reproduced by feeding sugar beet pulp from this batch to two heifers. The heifers showed symptoms after 19 and 32 days' feeding, resp. and died after a few hours. Clinical and pathological features were identical with those observed in the spontaneous disease. Thus, it was proved that the particular batch of pulp was responsible for the disease. The investigation did not, however, reveal a toxic factor in this batch. Analyses for lead, arsenic, mercury, nitrite, alkyl phosphates, chlorinated insecticides and Cl. botulinum toxin were negative. Batches of the sugar beet pulp showed pronounced microbial deterioration, the flora being dominated by yeasts and filamentous fungi (moulds). Several species of fungi have been isolated but so fat their possible role in the etiology of the syndrome remains unsettled. The syndrome bears some resemblance to cerebrocortical necrosis (C.C.N.) but differs in several clinical and pathological details. It is tentatively suggested that the beet pulp may have contained one or more toxic substances that interfere with microbial activity in the rumen, resulting in a disturbance of synthesis or absorption of essential metabolites. The clinical, epidemiological and pathological findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the syndrome might be due to fungal toxins. Accordingly, the isolated fungi are now being studied in more detail.