Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

K Moore

Publications and source records attributed to K Moore.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Crystallization and structure analysis of Thermus flavus 5S rRNA helix B.

The crystallization conditions of the synthetic RNA duplex r(GCGGCGU)*r(GCGCCGC), part of the Thermus flavus 5S rRNA domain B, were investigated in detail. The crystallization analysis revealed a relative narrow crystallization zone. Single sequence variations did not enhance the crystal quality, however the crystallization under microgravity provided crystals of higher quality. They belong to the space group P3(1)21 with unit cell dimensions of a = b = 35.0 A and c = 141.2 A. Diffraction data up to 2.6 A were collected and the structure subsequently analysed and refined to an R-value of 22.4 %. The conformation of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The two molecules A and B are perpendicular to each other and interacting head to tail with symmetry related molecules. They form pseudo-continuous infinite helices in the crystal lattice.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Crystallisation under microgravity of mistletoe lectin I from Viscum album with adenine monophosphate and the crystal structure at 1.9 A resolution.

The crystal structure of the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) mistletoe lectin I (ML-I) from Viscum album in complex with adenine has been refined to 1.9 A resolution. High quality crystals of the ML-I complex were obtained by the method of vapour diffusion using the high density protein crystal growth system (HDPCG) on the international space station, mission ISS 6A. Hexagonal crystals were grown during three months under microgravity conditions. Diffraction data to 1.9A were collected applying synchrotron radiation and cryo- techniques. The structure was refined subsequently to analyse the structure of ML-I and particularly the active site conformation, complexed by adenine that mimics the RNA substrate binding.

Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed2002

Anticholinergic drugs versus placebo for overactive bladder syndrome in adults.

BACKGROUND: Around 16% of adults have symptoms of overactive bladder (urgency with frequency and/or urge incontinence). The prevalence increases with age. Anticholinergic drugs are commonly used to treat this condition. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Incontinence Group trials register was searched to January 2002. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials in adults with overactive bladder syndrome that compared an anticholinergic drug with placebo treatment or no treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility, trial quality and extracted data. Data were processed as described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. MAIN RESULTS: Fifty one trials, 32 parallel designs and 19 crossover designs were included (6713 adults). Most trials were described as double-blind, but were variable in other aspects of quality. The crossover trials did not present data in a way that allowed inclusion in the meta-analysis. Seven medications were tested: darifenacin; emepronium bromide or carrageenate; oxybutynin chloride; propiverine; propantheline; tolterodine; and trospium chloride. One trial included the newer, slow release, formulation of tolterodine. After treatment, cure/improvement (RR 1.41, 95%CI 1.29 to 1.54), changes in leakage episodes in 24 hours (WMD -0.56, 95%CI -0.73 to -0.39), number of voids in 24 hours (WMD -0.59, 95%CI -0.83 to -0.36), maximum cystometric volume (WMD 53.85 ml, 95%CI 42.28 to 65.41), and volume at first contraction (WMD 52.25 ml, 95%CI 37.45 to 67.06), were significantly in favour of medication. Medication was associated with significantly higher residual volumes (WMD 4.06 ml, 95%CI 0.73 to 7.39) and more than two and a half times the rate of dry mouth (RR 2.61, 95% CI 2.27 to 3.00). Sensitivity analysis, while limited by small numbers of trials, showed little likelihood that these effects were modified by age, sex, diagnosis, or choice of drug. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The use of anticholinergic drugs by people with overactive bladder syndrome results in statistically significant improvement in symptoms. However, the clinical significance of these differences is uncertain, and the longer-term effects are not known. Dry mouth is a common side effect of therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The ingestion of inorganic nitrate increases gastric S-nitrosothiol levels and inhibits platelet function in humans.

Platelets play an important role in the development of vascular disease, while vegetarian diets, which are rich in inorganic nitrate, protect against it. This study was performed to assess the effect of potassium nitrate (KNO(3)) ingestion on platelet function in humans. Oral KNO(3) (2 mmol) was given to healthy volunteers and its effect on platelet function assessed by measuring the aggregant effect of collagen. Blood samples were taken for measurement of plasma S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) and platelet cyclic GMP and nitrotyrosine levels. Gastric juice samples were taken for measurement of RSNO. In a separate study, the effect of oral KNO(3) on portal RSNO levels in patients with intrahepatic porto-systemic shunts was assessed. KNO(3) caused a significant increase in gastric RSNO levels, from 0.46 +/- 0.06 to 3.62 +/- 2.82 microM (t(max) 45 min; P < 0.001), and significantly inhibited platelet function (t(max) 60 min; P < 0.001). There was no effect on systemic or portal RSNO, platelet cGMP or platelet nitrotyrosine levels. Oral KNO(3) inhibits platelet aggregation. The time course suggests that gastric RSNO production may be involved in this effect. The protection against vascular events associated with a high intake of vegetables may be due to their high nitrate content.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Toxicity of myoglobin and haemoglobin: oxidative stress in patients with rhabdomyolysis and subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Haemolytic events, such as those following rhabdomyolysis and subarachnoid haemorrhage, often result in pathological complications such as vasoconstriction. Haem-protein cross-linked myoglobin and haemoglobin are generated by ferric-ferryl redox cycling, and thus can be used as markers of oxidative stress. We have found haem-protein cross-linked myoglobin in the urine of patients suffering from rhabdomyolysis and haem-protein cross-linked haemoglobin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients following subarachnoid haemorrhage. These findings provide strong evidence that these respiratory haem proteins can be involved in powerful oxidation processes in vivo. We have previously proposed that these oxidation processes in rhabdomyolysis include the formation of potent vasoconstrictor molecules, generated by the myoglobin-catalysed oxidation of membranes, inducing nephrotoxicity and renal failure. Haem-protein cross-linked haemoglobin in cerebrospinal fluid suggests that a similar mechanism of lipid oxidation is present and that this may provide a mechanistic basis for the delayed vasospasm that follows subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Hemeproteins↗
PubMed2002

Antibacterial and physical properties of resin modified glass-ionomers combined with chlorhexidine.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of the addition of chlorhexidine (CHX) to a resin modified glass-ionomer (Photac-fil, ESPE, Norristown, PA, USA). Chlorhexidine diacetate was combined with a resin modified glass-ionomer material at a concentration of 5%. The samples were tested for hardness, tensile strength and erosion at 24 h and 6-week intervals and for elution of CHX and antimicrobial activity weekly for 6 weeks. At 24 h there was no significant difference in hardness between the two groups, but at 6 weeks the resin modified glass-ionomer group was significantly harder than the CHX groups (P < 0.05). The diametral tensile strength test indicated no difference between the control and CHX groups at 24 h or at 6 weeks. The jet erosion test demonstrated significantly less erosion with the CHX group at 24 h but at 6 weeks the CHX group showed significantly more erosion than the control group. The chemical assay data demonstrated a peak elution of CHX at week 1 with residual amounts at weeks 2 and 3. The microbial data demonstrated that the CHX group had a significant reduction in Streptococcus mutans numbers for weeks 1-3, but after week 4 there was no difference between the glass-ionomer with and without CHX. The addition of CHX to resin modified glass-ionomer altered hardness and erosion of the resin-modified glass-ionomer, but because there are no material specifications, it is difficult to determine clinical implications. Chlorhexidine did significantly improve the antimicrobial effect of the glass-ionomer which was consistent with the chemical assay data. The results indicated that the addition of CHX to resin modified glass-ionomer material (Photac-fil) did not seriously degrade the physical properties during the time period tested and that the addition of CHX resulted in a greater reduction in S. mutans when compared with glass-ionomer alone.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Endothelin is an important determinant of renal function in a rat model of acute liver and renal failure.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Renal failure occurs in approximately 55% of patients with acute liver failure. We have previously shown that plasma endothelin 1 concentrations are elevated in patients with acute liver failure and the hepatorenal syndrome. There are few reported satisfactory animal models of liver failure together with functional renal failure. In this study, a rat model of acute liver failure induced by galactosamine that also develops renal failure was first characterised. This model was used to investigate the hypothesis that endothelin 1 is an important mediator involved in the pathogenesis of renal impairment that occurs in acute liver failure. METHODS: Acute liver failure was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of galactosamine together with treatment with the endothelin receptor antagonist Bosentan. Twenty four hour urine collections were made using a metabolic cage. Renal blood flow was measured in anaesthetised animals. RESULTS: This model developed renal failure and liver failure in the absence of any significant renal pathology, and with an accompanying fall in renal blood flow. Plasma concentrations of endothelin 1 were increased twofold following the onset of liver and renal failure (p<0.05), and there was significant upregulation of the endothelin receptor A (ET(A)) in the renal cortex (p<0.05). Administration of Bosentan prevented the development of renal failure when given before or 24 hours after the onset of liver injury (p<0.05) but had no effect on liver injury itself, or on renal blood flow. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that this animal model has many of the features needed to be regarded as a model of renal failure that occurs in acute liver failure. The observation that plasma levels of endothelin 1 and ET(A) receptors are increased and upregulated, and that renal failure is prevented by an endothelin antagonist supports the hypothesis originally put forward that ET(A) is important in the pathogenesis of renal failure that occurs in patients with acute liver failure.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Baroregulation of vasopressin release in adipsic diabetes insipidus.

Adipsic diabetes insipidus (ADI) occurs in association with a heterogeneous group of conditions. We report vasopressin (AVP) responses to hypotension in nine patients with ADI and nine controls. Hypertonic saline infusion produced absent thirst (1.7 +/- 1.7 to 1.5 +/- 1.7 cm, P = 0.99) and AVP responses (0.3 +/- 0.1 to 0.4 +/- 0.1 pmol/liter, P = 0.99) in the ADI group, who also drank less than the control group (258 +/- 200 ml vs. 1544 +/- 306 ml, P < 0.001). Intravenous infusion of trimetaphan camsylate produced a fall in mean arterial pressure of 31.6% +/- 8.9% in patients and 29.4% +/- 6.1% in controls. Plasma AVP concentrations rose from 1.4 +/- 0.8 to 340.3 +/- 497.4 pmol/liter (P < 0.001) in the control group. In three patients with craniopharyngioma, there was no rise in plasma AVP concentrations (0.3 +/- 0.1 to 0.3 +/- 0.1 pmol/liter, P = 0.96), but plasma AVP rose significantly in response to hypotension in the other six patients (0.4 +/- 0.2 to 204.5 +/- 223.2 pmol/liter, P < 0.001). We concluded that the AVP responses to hypotension in ADI are heterogeneous and reflect the site of the lesion causing the diabetes insipidus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Phosphate and calcium uptake by rat odontoblast-like MRPC-1 cells concomitant with mineralization.

It has been suggested that odontoblasts are instrumental in translocating Ca2+ and inorganic phosphate (Pi) ions during the mineralization of dentin. The aim of this study was to characterize cellular Pi and Ca2+ uptake in the novel rat odontoblast-like cell line mineralizing rat pulpal cell line (MRPC) 1 during mineralization to see if changes in the ion transport activity would occur as the cultures develop and begin forming a mineralized matrix. MRPC-1 cells were cultured in chemically defined medium containing ascorbate and Pi, and cultures were specifically analyzed for cellular P, and Ca2+ uptake activities and expression of type II high-capacity Na+-Pi cotransporters. The odontoblast-like phenotype of the cell line was ascertained by monitoring the expression of collagen type I and dentin phosphopoprotein (DPP). Mineralized nodule formation started at day 9 after confluency and then rapidly increased. Ca2+ uptake by the cells showed a maximum during the end of the proliferative phase (days 5-7). Pi uptake declined to a basal level during proliferation and then was up-regulated simultaneously with the onset of mineralization to a level fourfold of the basal uptake, suggesting an initiating and regulatory role for cellular Pi uptake in mineral formation. This up-regulation coincided with a conspicuously increased glycosylation of NaPi-2a, indicating an activation of this Na+-Pi cotransporter. The study showed that MRPC-1 cells express an odontoblast-like phenotype already at the onset of culture, but that to mineralize the collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) that formed, a further differentiation involving their ion transporters is necessary.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Factors controlling long- and short-term sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in a mid-latitude forest.

Net uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) measured by eddy covariance in a 60- to 80-year-old forest averaged 2.0 +/- 0.4 megagrams of carbon per hectare per year during 1993 to 2000, with interannual variations exceeding 50%. Biometry indicated storage of 1.6 +/- 0.4 megagrams of carbon per hectare per year over 8 years, 60% in live biomass and the balance in coarse woody debris and soils, confirming eddy-covariance results. Weather and seasonal climate (e.g., variations in growing-season length or cloudiness) regulated seasonal and interannual fluctuations of carbon uptake. Legacies of prior disturbance and management, especially stand age and composition, controlled carbon uptake on the decadal time scale, implying that eastern forests could be managed for sequestration of carbon.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through casual contact with an infectious case.

BACKGROUND: An ongoing restriction fragment length polymorphism study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from tuberculosis cases showed an identical 12-band IS6110 pattern unique to 3 unrelated patients (Patients A-C) diagnosed as having tuberculosis within a 9-month period. METHODS: In an attempt to identify epidemiologic links between the 3 patients, we performed site visits to the retail business work site of patient A and conducted detailed interviews with all 3 patients and their contacts. RESULTS: Patient B had visited patient A's work site 3 times during patient A's infectious period, spending no more than 15 minutes each time. Patient C visited patient A's work site on 6 to 10 occasions during this period for no more than 45 minutes at any one time. There were no other epidemiologic links between these 3 cases other than the contact at the store. Contact investigation identified 4 tuberculin skin test conversions among 8 (50%) of patient A's coworkers, 6 positive tests among 15 household contacts (40%), and 8 positive tests among 16 identified customers who were casual contacts (50%). Patient B and patient C were most likely infected by patient A during one of their brief visits to patient A's work site. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that some tuberculosis is spread through casual contact not normally pursued in traditional contact investigations and that, in certain situations, M tuberculosis can be transmitted despite minimal duration of exposure. In addition, this outbreak emphasizes the importance of DNA fingerprinting data for identifying unusual transmission in unexpected settings.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Increased formation of S-nitrothiols and nitrotyrosine in cirrhotic rats during endotoxemia.

Plasma S-nitrosothiols are believed to function as a circulating form of nitric oxide that affects both vascular function and platelet aggregation. However, the formation of circulating S-nitrosothiols in relation to acute and chronic disease is largely unknown. Plasma S-nitrosothiols were measured by chemiluminescence in rats with biliary cirrhosis or controls, and the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on their formation was determined. Plasma S-nitrosothiols were increased in rats with cirrhosis (206 +/- 59 nM) compared to controls (51 +/- 6 nM, p <.001). Two hours following injection of LPS (0.5 mg/kg) plasma S-nitrosothiols increased to 108 +/- 23 nM in controls (p <.01) and to 1335 +/- 423 nM in cirrhotic rats (p <.001). The plasma clearance and half-life of S-nitrosoalbumin, the predominant circulating S-nitrosothiol, were similar in control and cirrhotic rats, confirming that the increased plasma concentrations were due to increased synthesis. Because reactive nitrogen species, such as peroxynitrite, may cause the formation of S-nitrosothiols in vivo, we determined the levels of nitrotyrosine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as an index for these nitrating and nitrosating radicals. Hepatic nitrotyrosine levels were increased at 7.0 +/- 1.2 ng/mg in cirrhotic rats compared to controls (2.0 +/- 0.2 ng/mg, p <.01). Hepatic nitrotyrosine levels increased by 2.3-fold and 1.5-fold in control and cirrhotic rats, respectively, at 2 h following injection of LPS (p <.01). Strong positive staining for nitrotyrosine was shown by immunohistochemistry in all the livers of the rats with cirrhosis. We conclude that there is increased formation of S-nitrosothiols and nitrotyrosine in biliary cirrhosis, and this is markedly upregulated during endotoxemia.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Formation of nanomolar concentrations of S-nitroso-albumin in human plasma by nitric oxide.

S-Nitrosothiols are potentially important mediators of biological processes including vascular function, apoptosis, and thrombosis. Recent studies indicate that the concentrations of S-nitrosothiols in the plasma from healthy individuals are lower than previously reported and in the range of 30-120 nM. The mechanisms of formation and metabolism of these low nM concentrations, capable of exerting biological effects, remain unknown. An important issue that remains unresolved is the significance of the reactions of low fluxes of nitric oxide (NO) with oxygen to form S-nitrosothiols in a complex biological medium such as plasma, and the impact of red blood cells on the formation of S-nitrosothiols in blood. These issues were addressed by exposing plasma to varying fluxes of NO and measuring the net formation of S-nitrosothiols. In the presence of oxygen and physiological fluxes of NO, the predominant S-nitrosothiol formed is S-nitroso-albumin at concentrations in the high nM range (approximately 400-1000 nM). Although the formation of S-nitrosothiols by NO was attenuated in whole blood, presumably by erythrocytic hemoglobin, significant amounts of S-nitrosothiols within the physiological range of S-nitrosothiol concentrations (approximately 80 nM) were still formed at physiological fluxes of NO. Little is known about the stability of S-nitroso-albumin in plasma, and this is central to our understanding of the biological effectiveness of S-nitrosothiols. Low molecular weight thiols decreased the half-life of S-nitroso-albumin in plasma, and the stability of S-nitroso-albumin is enhanced by the alkylation of free thiols. Our data suggests that physiologically relevant concentrations of S-nitrosothiols can be formed in blood through the reaction of NO with oxygen and proteins, despite the low rates of reaction of oxygen with NO and the presence of erythrocytes.

Chromatography, Affinity↗
PubMed2001

Human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative adults with extrapulmonary tuberculosis have abnormal innate immune responses.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is presumably a marker of underlying immunodeficiency, but cytokine response pathways in these patients have not been well studied. Cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative adults with prior culture-confirmed extrapulmonary tuberculosis were compared with those of persons with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mitogen-stimulated interferon (IFN)-gamma production, interleukin (IL)-12 production, and IFN-gamma receptor- and IL-12 receptor-mediated cytokine production did not differ between case patients and control patients. However, median resting IL-8 production was significantly lower in case patients than control patients (8051 vs. 19,290 pg/mL; P=.009). In addition, the median tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha response was lower in case patients than control patients after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (833 vs. 1149 pg/mL; P=.06) and lipopolysaccharide plus IFN-gamma (3301 vs. 4411 pg/mL; P=.04). These abnormalities in resting IL-8 and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha production were not associated with IFN-gamma or IL-12 abnormalities and were detected up to several years after cure of disease, suggesting an abnormality in innate immunity.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2001

On-wafer spectrofluorometric method for determination of relative quantum yields of photoacid generation in chemically amplified resists.

Chemically amplified resists (CARs) that employ acid catalysts are widely used throughout the semiconductor industry due to the need for high throughput in the lithography process. The quantum yield of the particular photoacid generator (PAG) used to generate a given acid ultimately limits the photospeed of the CAR. Determination of quantum yields of photoacid generation is therefore an important component of resist design. We report the development of an on-wafer spectrofluorometric technique for this purpose. This technique is based on one first reported by Feke et al. (J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 2000, B18, 136- 139), which involves doping the resist formulations containing the candidate PAGs with a fluorescent pH indicator dye, coating one wafer per PAG, patterning the wafers with a dose ramp, and spectroscopically imaging the wafers. The response curve of each PAG is spatially and spectrally encoded in the fluorescence images of each wafer. We investigate the efficacy of coumarin 6, a dye that was introduced as an acid sensor by Pohlers et al. (Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 3222-3230) for this application. We further apply this technique to the determination of the quantum yield of photoacid generation of four candidate PAGs for prototype 193-nm CARs. This technique is convenient, fast, robust, and nondestructive.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Subtelomeric sequence from the right arm of Schizosaccharomyces pombe chromosome I contains seven permease genes.

The sequence has been determined of 80 888 bp of contiguous subtelomeric DNA, including the isp5 gene, from the right arm of chromosome I of Schizosaccharomyces pombe; 27 open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 100 codons are present, giving a density of one gene per 3.0 kb. Seven of the predicted proteins are members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transport proteins, including four amino acid permease homologues, bringing this family of amino acid permease sequences to 17 in Sz. pombe, and a phylogenetic analysis is presented. Also encoded is an allantoate permease homologue, a sulphate permease homologue and a probable urea active transporter. Predicted non-membrane proteins include a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC deaminase), a class III aminotransferase, serine acetyltransferase, protein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, esterase/lipase, oxidoreductase of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family, aldehyde dehydrogenase, formamidase, amidase, flavohaemoprotein, a putative translation initiation inhibitor and a protein with similarity to a filamentous fungal conidiation-specific protein. The remaining six ORFs are likely to encode proteins, either because they have sequence similarity with hypothetical proteins or because they are known to be transcribed. Introns are scarce in the sequenced region: only three ORFs contain introns, with only one having multiple introns. The sequenced region also contains a single Tf1 transposon long terminal repeat (LTR). The sequence is derived from cosmid clones c869, c922 and c1039 and has been submitted to the EMBL database under entries SPAC869 (Accession No. AL132779), SPAC922 (AL133522) and SPAC1039 (AL133521).

Chromosomes, Fungal↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of the lipoprotein, carbohydrate, and hemostatic effects of phasic oral contraceptives containing desogestrel or levonorgestrel.

Desogestrel (DSG) is a less-androgenic progestogen than levonorgestrel (LNG). This difference in androgenicity may be responsible for observed differences in metabolic effects between oral contraceptive (OC) formulations containing almost equivalent estrogen doses but with either DSG or LNG as a progestogen. To test the hypothesis, a prospective 9-month randomized comparison of plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, hemostasis, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was conducted in 66 healthy women using phasic formulations of OCs containing either DSG (DSG-OC) or LNG (LNG-OC). The study results showed that SHBG increased 3-fold with DSG-OC and 2-fold with LNG-OC. DSG-OC increased HDL-C, HDL(2)-C and HDL(3)-C; LDL-C decreased transiently. LNG-OC decreased HDL(2)-C and increased HDL(3)-C; HDL-C was unchanged and LDL-C decreased transiently. Both formulations increased VLDL-C and triglycerides, more with DSG-OC, but apolipoprotein B levels increased equally. Apo A-I and A-II increased more with DSG-OC than with LNG-OC. Neither formulation altered Lp(a) or fasting glucose and insulin levels. Postprandially, both formulations decreased glucose and increased insulin responses, but to an equivalent degree. Both OCs slightly enhanced procoagulant and profibrinolytic parameters to the same extent except for internally compensating decreases in Factor V and protein S with DSG-OC. In summary, at almost equivalent estrogen doses, a phasic OC containing DSG compared with LNG has a less androgenic effect on lipoproteins and SHBG, similar effects on hemostatic parameters with lower protein S and factor V activity and equivalent effects on carbohydrate metabolism. The lipoprotein, SHBG, and protein S and factor V differences are likely due to the lesser androgenicity of DSG allowing for a greater expression of the dose of estrogen.

Adult↗