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Biomedical subjects

K Machida

Publications and source records attributed to K Machida.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Effects of voluntary wheel running on health indexes in rats with SRBC-induced inflammation].

The effects of voluntary running exercise on health indexes in rats were studied before and after Sheep Red Blood Cell (SRBC)-induced inflammation. Male Fischer rats (SPF) 8 weeks of age were housed in individual sedentary cages (sedentary group) or in individual wheel-running cages (exercise group) for 4 months. Then all rats were injected with 20% SRBC (0.5 ml/100g body weight) i.p. Voluntary running activity averaged 1408m/day, reached a peak (2913m/day) at the 25th day and waned over time, reaching a plateau at the 60th day (about 1000m/day). In spite of a significant increase in food intake (117%), exercising rats gained significantly less weight (93%) than sedentary rats at all times in experimental period. The exercise group also showed a significant decrease in the value of serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (T. CHO) (TG p < 0.0002, T. CHO p < 0.03). The hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) were higher in the exercised rats, and at 4 days after i.p. SRBC, the difference became statistically significant (Ht p < 0.0002, Hb p < 0.003). Thus, protective effects against the decrease of Ht and Hb were demonstrated in the exercised group. Perhaps this inflammation did not impair liver function severely; sedentary rats had normal or slightly higher levels of GOT and GPT. On the other hand, exercised rats had lower GOT and GPT. Significant differences were found between the groups (GOT, GPT p < 0.0001).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of crowding on immune functions in mice].

The effects of several types of crowding on immune functions were studied in mice. This study consisted of two experiments. Experiment one: Male BALB/c mice were initially housed in groups of four mice per cage. After fourteen days of acclimation, the mice were randomly divided into three groups, Control (four mice per cage, control group), Crowd-I (four mice per small space) and Crowd-II (sixteen mice per cage). These conditions were maintained for seven days. The results of experiment one were as follows: (1) The percentage of lymphocytes in the blood of Crowd-II was significantly lower than that of Control (p < 0.05). (2) The percentage of neutrophils and the absolute number of neutrophils in blood of Crowd-II were significantly higher than in Control (p < 0.05). (3) Superoxide production activity (NBT reduction activity) of blood neutrophils in Crowd-II tended to be depressed, and phagocytic activity of neutrophils was significantly depressed in Crowd-II as compared with Control (p < 0.01). These results suggest that the complexity of interrelationships among mice caused by an increase in the number of animals per cage is a very important stress factor. Experiment two: Male BALB/c mice were initially housed in groups of five mice per cage. After fourteen days of acclimation, the mice were divided into three groups, Control (five mice per cage, control group), Crowd-(1) (five mice per cmall space) and Crowd-(2) (twenty mice per cage). In Control and Crowd-(1), the same mice were used as in the acclimation period. These conditions were maintained for seven days. In this period, on the second day, all the mice were injected intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The results of experiment two were as follows: (1) The specific humoral immune response to SRBC was investigated in terms of the number of PFC in the spleens and hemagglutination in sera, but significant differences were not found among the groups. (2) Plasma IgG levels in the Crowd-(1) were significantly higher than those in Control (p < 0.05). (3) Both superoxide production activity and phagocytic activity of neutrophils were significantly depressed in Crowd-(2) as compared with Control (p < 0.01, respectively), whereas each neutrophil function of Crowd-(1) tended to be enhanced as compared with Control.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Decreased gastric secretory functions in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy.

A total of 37 subjects consisted of 10 healthy subjects (Group III), 15 diabetic patients without autonomic neuropathy (Group II), and 12 diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy including gastroparesis in 6 cases (Group I). All three groups were comparable in age. In order to clarify the gastric function in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy, secretion of serum gastrin, gastric secretory function, endoscopic Congo red test of fundic glands, and coefficiency of variance of electrocardiographic beat-to-beat intervals (C.V. R-R) were examined. In Group I, 5 patients had hypergastrinemia, but its elevation was inhibited when an acid solution was injected into the stomach. Gastric secretion and C.V. R-R were markedly lower in Group I, compared with Groups II and III. In Group I, the area of fundic glands (parietal cells) was reduced considerably. The C.V. R-R was significantly correlated with fasting serum gastrin concentration and with maximal acid output. From these results, in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy (vagal neuropathy), gastric acid secretion in response to tetragastrin stimulation was lowered with a reduction in area of fundic gland distribution. Hypergastrinemia may reflect a negative feedback mechanism responding to decreased acidity of gastric content in the antrum.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Diabetic retinopathy in Japanese patients with long-standing pancreatic diabetes due to calcifying pancreatitis.

This study analyzed the prevalence, aggravating factors (including duration of diabetes, glycemic control, body mass index, hypertension, serum total cholesterol, changes of ST on ECG and diabetic therapies) and characteristics of diabetic retinopathy in 75 patients with pancreatic diabetes resulting from calcifying pancreatitis. The patients were divided into three Groups: Group I (27 patients in whom diabetes was detected earlier than pancreatic stones), Group II (36 patients in whom diabetes and pancreatic stones were simultaneously detected) and Group III (12 patients in whom pancreatic stones were detected earlier than diabetes). The prevalence of retinopathy was dependent on the duration of diabetes as well as poor glycemic control. It was significantly (p < 0.01) higher among the patient with the duration of diabetes that was more than 5 years than that of the patients whose duration was less than 5 years. The prevalence of retinopathy in Group I (63%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in Group II (30.6%) and Group III (12.5%). Proliferative retinopathy was not found in any patients with a duration of diabetes less than 5 years, while it was found in 5 patients with a duration of more than 5 years (5 cases out of 31 patients). Diabetic retinopathy was correlated with the duration of diabetes and glycemic control, and was not linked to frequency of hypoglycemia and family history of diabetes. From the results above, we concluded that diabetic retinopathy in patients with pancreatic diabetes due to calcifying pancreatitis might be taken as evidence that such complications are primarily due to chronic hyperglycemia and the duration of diabetes mellitus rather than to genetic factors and other factors (body mass index, hypertension, serum total cholesterol and diabetic therapies).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Octreotide decreases biliary and pancreatic exocrine function, and induces steatorrhea in healthy subjects.

A somatostatin analogue (SMS-201-995, hereinafter "octreotide") was s.c. administered to 5 healthy subjects under consecutive dripping of CCK-PZ (cholecystokinin-pancreozymin) and secretin (0.01 CHR U/kg/minutes), after inserting a Dreiling double tube into Treitz's ligament. Bile acid concentration, and bicarbonate and lipase excretions in duodenal juice were determined every 10 minutes up to 120 minutes and compared with controls. Moreover, octreotide (100 micrograms) was s.c. administered to 5 healthy subjects 30 minutes before meals for 7 days. Fecal fat and bile acid excretions before and after administration were determined. Bile acid concentration, and bicarbonate and lipase excretions in the octreotide group decreased to 1/3-1/4 that of controls. Bile acid concentration became 0 mM for 60 minutes. Fecal fat excretion increased; obvious steatorrhea occurred in 2 cases. Fecal bile acid excretion decreased to about 1/4. These results suggest that decreases in bile acid secretion should be considered, as well as pancreatic lipase and bicarbonate secretions, when fatty stool occurs after octreotide administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Current topics in infectious diseases].

In this symposium, we discussed the current aspects of the infectious diseases which have been becoming important problems in Japan. The following diseases were taken up the matter of MRSA infection, Helicobacter pylori infection, HIV-1 infection and HCV infection. 1) MRSA infection: Epidemiology of hospital acquired infection by MRSA and its management of prevention. 2) Helicobacter pylori infection: Evaluation of laboratory detection of H. pylori PCR and anti-H. pylori antibodies by ELISA. 3) HIV-1 infection: Epidemiology and prevention of HIV-1 infection and laboratory tests for the infection. 4) HCV infection: Genetic aspects of hepatitis C virus.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1993

[MR imaging of pituitary dwarfism].

Pituitary MR imaging was performed in 32 patients with clinically diagnosed pituitary dwarfism and 12 normal controls. The patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of pituitary dwarfism based on endocrinological data. The two patients with severe dwarfism showed transection of the pituitary stalk, ectopic posterior lobe and atrophy of the anterior lobe on MR imaging, while the 27 patients with mild dwarfism showed no abnormal MR findings of the pituitary gland. The former group corresponds to typical pituitary dwarfism and the latter to partial GH deficiency, which was recently proposed as another type of pituitary dwarfism. In conclusion, pituitary MR imaging may differentiate partial GH deficiency from typical (stalk-transected) pituitary dwarfism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between the effect of biphenylcarboxylic acid analogs on glyceride synthesis and conformation.

The inhibition of biphenylcarboxylic acid analogs on glyceride synthesis was studied in association with conformation of the chemicals. Chemicals used were benzoic acid substituted with phenyl, benzoyl and phenoxy groups, phenylphenyloxyacetic acid and p-phenylacetic acid. Twist angles were calculated by a molecular orbital method. Following oral administration of p-phenylbenzoic acid to the rats for 7 days, the decrease of the triglyceride synthesized from [14C]oleic acid was observed in the adipose tissue. The in vitro inhibitions on the formation of fatty acyl-CoA thioester were examined from the influence on the hippuric acid formation from [14C]benzoic acid using the rat liver slices. In the homologous series, high inhibition was observed in para and meta substituents. None, or low inhibitions of ortho-substituted chemicals were related to the steric hindrance of the phenyl ring against carboxyl groups. This hinderance was associated with conformation and with the geometrical relationship between substituted phenyl rings and carbon atoms of carboxylic acid. In the in vitro inhibition on overall formation of diglyceride and triglyceride from [14C]glycerol, o-phenylbenzoic acid showing no inhibition on hippuric acid formation did not show inhibition. However, other ortho-substituted chemicals showed higher inhibition in comparison with the inhibition on hippuric acid formation. The inhibition of para- and meta-substituted chemicals were higher than the corresponding values of ortho substituted compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Seasonal development of Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae) observed by experimental rearing in the natural environment.

Engorged larvae of Leptotrombidium pallidum Nagayo, Miyagawa, Mitamura & Tamiya, the vector mite of scrub typhus in Japan, were reared by feeding them with fresh eggs of the collembolan Sinella curviseta Brook while confined in small plastic containers under natural conditions in a copse. The larvae were collected from wild rodents (Apodemus speciosus) in autumn 1985 and spring 1986. Adults were kept alive for 2 yr or longer. The larvae obtained in autumn became dormant in the cold winter season, and growth recommenced in the spring. Thus, the development of mites collected in April became synchronized with that of larvae obtained in the autumn. Most larvae developed into protonymphs in May, deutonymphs in June, tritonymphs in July, and adults in August. The females laid eggs in two consecutive summers. Some larvae collected in autumn were kept in a refrigerator until the following summer. They developed into deutonymphs, tritonymphs, or adults and then became dormant in the winter. Development restarted the next spring and all became adult by summer, when the females laid eggs. Under experimental conditions, all larvae are hatched in the autumn, unlike the natural situation in which two peaks of larval occurrence on wild rodents are observed in autumn and spring.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Aortic regurgitation: quantitation with MR imaging velocity mapping.

Aortic regurgitation (AR) in five healthy volunteers and 26 patients (mean age, 60.3 years; range, 25-83 years) was quantitatively measured with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging velocity mapping. Cine transverse images of the ascending aorta (32 phases per cardiac cycle) were acquired by using a gradient-echo sequence with a velocity-encoding bipolar pulse applied in the section-selection direction with a 1.5-T MR imaging unit. The aortic flow was calculated by integrating the product of area and mean velocity of the ascending aorta at each phase over a cardiac cycle. The negative and positive velocity values indicated antegrade and regurgitant flow, respectively, which allowed calculation of forward and regurgitant flow. Inter- and intraobserver variation of regurgitant fraction (RF) measurement was small (r = .956, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 1.2%, n = 31; and r = .998, SEE = 0.35%, n = 10, respectively). RF determined with MR imaging agreed well with Doppler echocardiographic (n = 26) and aortographic (n = 9) grading of AR. Reproducible, quantitative, and noninvasive measurement of AR is possible with MR velocity mapping.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A study on the values computed by dieticians and chemical analysis of fats, cholesterol, and P/S ratio in food.

Dieticians computed the fat and cholesterol contents of 11 foods that were commercially produced as ready-to-eat food from food component lists and obtained the P/S ratio (polysaturated/saturated fatty acids) from the fatty acid component list. Meanwhile the same foods were diluted and homogenized. The internal standard was combined with hepatadecanoic acid and tricaprin. The samples that had been extracted by the Folch method were analyzed for their lipid content (GC analysis using a HS-SS-10 columns for fatty acids and an OV-1 column for lipid and cholesterol). A significant positive correlation was noted between the results of dieticians' analysis and those obtained from a gas chromatographic analysis of lipid and cholesterol contents and the P/S ratio, proving that lipid analysis of food by dieticians is highly reliable. Therefore for diseases (such as hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, fatty liver, and pancreatitis) in which dietary factors have a significant effect on their clinical course, dietary instructions on dietary fats based on an analysis by dieticians are considered to be effective.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1993

Long-term results of combination chemotherapy with or without irradiation in small cell lung cancer: a 5- to 11-year follow-up.

Between April 1981 and December 1987, 148 patients with newly diagnosed small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were treated using combination chemotherapy with or without thoracic irradiation and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in a series of cooperative therapeutic trials. With a minimum follow-up of 4.7 years, 13 (9%) patients survived and were free of SCLC. These included 11 (15%) of 76 patients with limited disease and two (3%) of 72 patients with extensive disease. Three died without any evidence of SCLC (one each from second leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, and unrelated disease). The remaining 10 (7%) patients are currently alive and free of SCLC beyond 4.7 years. Since late relapse beyond 5 years is a very rare event, these patients may have been cured. However, late toxicity of PCI must be kept in mind. Three among the 10 patients have suffered from neuropsychologic symptoms of varying degrees in severity. Although the long-term survival rate is a benchmark in the treatment of SCLC, modifications of therapy that may potentially avoid such toxicities should be considered hereafter.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Cerebral vasodilatory capacity mapping using technetium-99m-DTPA-HSA SPECT and acetazolamide in moyamoya disease.

A cerebral vasodilatory capacity map, consisting of a 99mTc-DTPA-HSA SPECT image obtained after acetazolamide injection minus the baseline image, was produced in a patient with moyamoya disease. The map demonstrated diminished capacity in the posterior region of the right cerebral hemisphere. Subsequently, cerebral infarction occurred in the corresponding area. This observation suggests that regions of low vasodilatory capacity identified by cerebral vasodilatory capacity mapping may be at high risk of ischemic stroke.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1993

[Clinical features of intestinal tuberculosis].

We had tuberculosis infection cases of gastrointestinal tract diagnosed histopathologically during January 1980 to December 1991 in Tokyo National Chest Hospital. There were 12 cases (male 8, female 4) from 24 y.o. to 88 y.o. (mean 50 y.o.). We got histopathological specimen by operation (6 cases), biopsy (4), and section (2). Pulmonary tuberculosis was complicated in 8 cases, 7 cases had cavity formation and another case was miliary tuberculosis. Distribution of tuberculous lesion was colon (7 cases), small intestines (5), cecum (2), rectum (1) and esophagus (1). First symptom was mainly abdominal symptom such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. There were a perforative peritonitis and a intestinal obstruction during chemotherapy. Three died cases complicated low albuminemia. We suppose that serum albumin is one of the useful marker of patient's prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Current state and problems in the microbiology laboratory--organizing the laboratory].

The microbiological laboratory in the hospital has many roles including the rapid and precise identification of pathogenic bacteria in specimens, their antimicrobial susceptibility tests, microbial antigen detection using immunological methods and DNA hybridization methods, surveillance of bacterial milieu of the hospital environment, monitoring quality control of microbiological methods, to educate microbiological skills of staffs, the economical management of laboratory and so on. The last two issues are our major concerns. Improvement of the microbiological skills of the staff is most important in the laboratory, but is a time-consuming. From our experience, a technical expert, intermediately skilled technicians and beginners should always work in the laboratory, together. On the other hand, the economical management of the microbiological laboratory is also another concern. Although the mechanization of procedures comes to mind, it is hard to improve the economical conditions in the laboratory. Because of the control of the machines is not completely automatic and requires the knowledges and decisions of technical experts, the work force and running cost can not be reduced. As the technical expert can economize in the use of media or tests for identification of pathogens, good training of beginners into skillful successors, is important.

Humans↗