Anatomy of the opioid-systems of the brain.
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Biomedical subjects
K M Knigge
Publications and source records attributed to K M Knigge.
Enzyme immunoassay for the detection of group A streptococcal antigen.
A competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Streptococcus pyogenes directly from throat specimens or from solid bacteriological medium is described. Group A-specific polysaccharide adsorbed onto treated polystyrene beads, in conjunction with rabbit antibody to S. pyogenes, was used to determine the presence of the polysaccharide antigen. Inhibition values in excess of 65% were observed with 10(4) or more CFU of S. pyogenes per test. An inhibition of 25% was demonstrated with as few as 10(3) CFU per test. Heterologous microorganisms tested at 10(6) CFU per test reacted at levels of inhibition less than 25%. Two types of bacterial transport medium and swabs of different fiber compositions did not alter the assay performance. Accurate identification of S. pyogenes was achieved by testing single colonies picked directly from blood agar plates which had been incubated for 18 to 24 h. In addition, the assay was performed on throat specimens from children and adults having pharyngitis. A single-swab, blind study was conducted in which enzyme immunoassay reactivity was compared with results of blood agar culture and bacitracin sensitivity. When there were discordant results, serological identification was used as the confirmatory test. At an optimal cutoff value of 40% inhibition, sensitivity and specificity by enzyme immunoassay were 97.0% and 97.9%, respectively, as compared with confirmed culture results. The assay has an incubation time of 3 h and is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of S. pyogenes antigen.
Animals↗
Corticotropin releasing factor: immunocytochemical localization in rat brain.
Using antiserum generated against the synthetic CRF1-41 we have immunocytochemically localized perikarya and processes in rat brain. Areas observed to have particularly dense accumulation of CRF-ir cells were in the extra-hypothalamic areas of nucleus accumbens septi, nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial preoptic region, and the central amygdaloid nucleus. Within the hypothalamus cell bodies were scattered throughout the anterior hypothalamic region and densely packed in the paraventricular nucleus. Fibers appear most dense in the lateral septal region and throughout the external layer of the median eminence.
Afferent Pathways↗
Relationship of the central ACTH-immunoreactive opiocortin system to the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus of the rat.
ACTH-immunoreactive (ir) fibers of the central opiocortin system are present in high density in the mid-portion of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). ACTH-ir fibers, however, do not appear to directly contact oxytocin-ir vasopressin-ir, containing perikarya or axons of vasopressinergic neurons. Magnocellular neurons located more anteriorly and posteriorly in the PVN as well as those located laterally have few ACTH-ir fibers associated with them. No ACTH-ir fibers are present in the supraoptic nucleus.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Intrasellar neural-adenohypophyseal choristoma. A morphological and immunocytochemical study.
A patient with mild acromegaly had recurrence of symptoms and signs of a chiasmal-area lesion seventeen years after radiation therapy for a presumed pituitary adenoma. A mass was found anterior to the pituitary gland. Abnormal tissue removed from the sphenoid sinus and sella turcica consisted of a predominantly ganglion-cell lesion. A few ganglion cells were immunoreactive for somatostatin. There were some small cysts lined by cells with immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein, growth hormone or prolactin. Some cells with vacuoles and eosinophilic granules showed immunostaining for growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, and beta-endorphin and, thus, appeared to be of adenohypophyseal origin. Cases of intrasellar ganglion-cell lesions have been reported, most of them associated with pituitary adenomas and acromegaly. The findings in this case are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that displaced, hypothalamic-type ganglion cells may produce a growth hormone-releasing factor that stimulates the development of a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. An alternative hypothesis is suggested that includes this concept, but also allows for the influence of non-neuronal cells on neuronal differentiation and for the possible influence of adenohypophyseal hormones on the replication of hypothalamic-type neurons in the lesion.
Adult↗
Immunocytochemical analysis of the rat pineal gland using antisera generated against analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH).
Antisera generated against synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) or analogs of LHRH, agonists and antagonist, were used to stain the rat pineal gland and the median eminence of the hypothalamus. Of the LHRH analogs used, two revealed immunoreactive material in median eminence and not pineal, two stained pineal only, and three stained median eminence and pineal. Our observations suggest that the immunoreactive material in the pineal gland may be an LHRH-like substance whose affinity characteristics are different from that of hypothalamic LHRH. The affinity properties of hypothalamic LHRH for antibody appear to reside in the C-terminus of the molecule, whereas binding of the antigen in the pineal to antibody appear to be influenced by an N-terminal modification of the LHRH molecule.
Animals↗
Disappearance of a urinary antigonadotrophin following HCG administration in Prader Willi syndrome.
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Adolescent↗
Topography of the ACTH-immunoreactive neurons in the basal hypothalamus of the rat brain.
Cell bodies of the opiocortin neurons were stained immunocytochemically with ACTH antiserum and their location in the basal hypothalamus of the rat brain was mapped. They are present throughout the entire extent of the hypothalamus, from retrochiasmatic area to mammillary body. In the retrochiasmatic area they are a single, midline group horizontally oriented and lying close to the ventral surface. Throughout the extent of the median eminence, ACTH-ir perikarya are located in the arcuate nucleus, adjacent periventricular stratrum and internuclear space between arcuate and ventromedial nuclei; as a group, they are oriented in a dorso-lateral plane. In the mammillary region, the nucleus assumes a more horizontal orientation again, lying close to the ventral surface. No regional differences were noted in cell density except in the retrochiasmatic area and terminal portion of the mammillary region where they were approximately 30% fewer in number.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Immunocytochemistry of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and corticotropin following deafferentation of the basal hypothalamus of the male rat brain.
Luteinizing hormones-releasing hormone (LHRH), vasopressin, and corticotropin systems were examined by immunocytochemical methods in male rats 2 to 20 days after deafferentation of the basal hypothalamus. Axonal degeneration of the vasopressin system (whose perikarya lie rostral to the island) and the corticotropin system (whose perikarya lie within the island) was examined and compared with the response of the LHRH system. Vasopressin immunoreactive staining was absent in the internal zone of the median eminence 10 and 20 days after deafferentation. Disruption of the efferent projections of the opiocortin system caused the loss of almost all fiber staining outside the island by the 5th postoperative day. LHRH staining in the median eminence was modestly reduced in 5 days, considerably reduced in 10 days and negligible 20 days after deafferentation. At 10 and/or 20 days after deafferentation densely stained fibers of all three systems were observed on both sides of the cut. Invasive vasopressinergic fibers reached the lateral median eminence by the 20th postoperative day. This study reports on the response of three neuropeptide systems after complete deafferentation and demonstrates that regeneration can occur across the knife cut.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Relationship of the central ACTH-immunoreactive opiocortin system to the median eminence and the pituitary gland of the rat.
By immunocytochemical methods, the present study describes ACTH-immunoreactive fibers in the pituitary stalk and neural lobe. This opiocortin-hypothalamo-neural lobe projection arises in a bed nucleus of perikarya in the basal hypothalamus, follows supraoptico-hypophyseal fibers in the zona interna of the median eminence, and distributes throughout the neural lobe. No ACTH-immunoreactive fibers project to the zona externa; some are present in the subependymal layer and at the lateral margins of the median eminence. Further studies must identify the role of these fibers in posterior lobe function. It remains also to be determined whether this system terminates upon primary pituitary portal capillaries and delivers opiocortin neuropeptides to the adenohypophysis.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Immunocytochemical localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in Vibratome-sectioned brain.
Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptides such as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) is generally performed on Bouin's fixed tissue sections, following tissue dehydration in alcohols and embedment in paraffin. When the final reaction product accurately reflects content and distribution of the neuropeptide has not been examined carefully. Our data indicate a decrease in radioimmunoassayable LHRH content of brain fixed in Bouin's solution and a further significant reduction following dehydration with alcohol. In order to circumvent this loss of hormone, sections of fixed brain were cut on a Vibratome at 30 micron and collected in phosphate-saline buffer. These Vibratome sections revealed a significantly greater amount of overall immunoreactivity and fiber distribution as compared to paraffin-embedded sectioned tissue. These results suggest that certain neuropeptides, soluble in alcohol, can be extracted during dehydration processes necessary for paraffin embedment.
Animals↗
Immunocytochemical analysis of the rat pineal gland using antisera generated against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH).
Seven different antisera generated against synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) were used to stain pineal gland and median eminence of the hypothalamus of normal rats. The LHRH immunogen complexes used to generate these antisera produced either N- or C-terminal directed antibodies or antisera that recognized both portions of the hormone molecule. Of these, four revealed LHRH-like immunoreactive material in the median eminence and pineal gland, two stained median eminence and not pineal, and one was positive in pineal only. These observations suggest that immunoreactive material in pineal gland may be an LHRH-like substance whose affinity characteristics are different from that of hypothalamic LHRH.
Animals↗
Burton Lowell Baker 1912--1978.
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Anatomy↗
Relationship of intracerebral pituitary grafts to central neuropeptide systems.
Variable amounts of pituitary tissue from neonatal or 30-day-old donor rats were implanted in the recessus triangularis or third ventricle of hypophysectomized male host rats. The pituitary tissue was implanted either immediately or 30 days after hypophysectomy of the host rat. Grafts from donors of either age were capable of maintaining a significant degree of testicular weight in one-third of the implanted animals. Neonatal grafts were not capable of restoring testicular weight when implanted 30 days after hypophysectomy. Final body weights of all graft-bearing animals were greater than those of hypophysectomized controls. The pars distalis of all grafts contained large numbers of cells immunore-active for LH, GH, and ACTH; TSH-immunoreactive cells were sparse. Prolactin-positive cells were extensive in grafts of animals in which the testes were maintained, and virtually absent in grafts of animals with atrophic testes. The fiber systems of three central neuropeptides, LRF, SRIF, and ACTH, were stained and found not to enter the graft. The results suggest that pituitary grafts in the third ventricle may receive their hypophysiotropic neuropeptides from the CSF.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Melatonin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral plasma and plasma of the confluens sinuum of the rat.
A procedure is described for collection of blood from the confluens sinuum of the rat. Melatonin concentration, measured by RIA, in plasma of the confluens was found to be significantly higher than that in peripheral plasma. Melatonin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of the cisterna magna were always lower than those in plasma and exhibited no significant changes which paralleled those occurring in plasma with darkness. It is concluded that, in the rat, the major route of secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland is into the blood of the confluens sinuum.
Anesthesia↗
Evidence for a thyrotropin-releasing hormone inhibitor in the pineal gland.
Extracts of bovine pineal glands were filtered through Sephadex G-25 and tested for their effect on TRH-induced TSH release in cell cultures of dispersed rat pituitary glands. Highly significant anti-TRH activity was found in material which was retarded on G-25. This material was purified sequentially on Sephadex G-10, Sephadex LH-20, and high pressure reverse phase liquid chromatography columns. The ability of partially purified material to inhibit TRH-induced TSH release by dispersed pituitary cells and to displace [3H]TRH from pituitary tumor cell membranes was interpreted as evidence for a TRH inhibitory factor (TRH-IF) in bovine pineal glands. Evidence for binding to TRH receptors included parallel competition displacement curves with synthetic TRH and data showing that excess TRH could overcome both the inhibition of TRH-induced TSH release and the inhibition of [3H]TRH binding by TRH-IF. Copurification of anti-TRH bioactivity (as tested in dispersed pituitary cell cultures) and anti-TRH-binding activity (as tested in membrane preparations) suggests that the inhibitory activity in pineal extracts results from the binding of a TRH antagonist to receptors. Reports by others of PRL release-inhibiting activity in pineal extracts were confirmed. PRL release-inhibiting activity copurified with TRH-IF.
Animals↗
Identification by deletion analysis of an inducible protein required for plasmid pSC101-mediated tetracycline resistance.
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Bacterial Proteins↗
Rich ependymal investment of luliberin (LHRH) fibers revealed immunocytochemically in an image like that from Golgi stain.
Immunospecific staining in 100-micron-thick Vibratome section by the unlabeled antibody method resembles Golgi staining and reveals an abundance of luliberin- (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, LHRH) positive cells and fibers in close contact with the surface of the third ventricle. The polarity of LHRH cells can be seen and processes can be traced for several millimeters. In the medial preoptic and suprachiasmatic areas bipolar LHRH neurons send short stout processes to the ventricular surface and long processes toward the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis. These cells resemble the receptor cells contacting the cerebrospinal fluid that have been described by Vigh and Vigh-Teichmann [Vigh, B. & Vigh-Teichmann, I. (1973) Int. Rev. Cytol. 35, 189-251]. In the septal region some bipolar neurons send both of their processes towards the ventricular surface. LHRH neurons in the nucleus of the anterior commissure and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis project over the anterior commissure to form a dense plexus of fibers in the subfornical organ. The proximity of LHRH perikarya and fibers to the ventricular surface supports the hypothesis [Knigge, K.M., Joseph, S.A., Scott, D.E. & Jacobs, J.J. (1971) in The Neuroendocrinology of Human Reproduction, eds. Mack, H.C. & Sherman, A.J., (Thomas, Springfield, IL), pp. 6-22.] that the cerebrospinal fluid functions in neuroendocrine control mechanisms.
Animals↗