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Biomedical subjects

K M Kim

Publications and source records attributed to K M Kim.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Active properties of the urinary bladder: in vitro comparative studies between adult and neonatal rats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine, using in vitro comparative studies, developmental aspects associated with the active properties of the urinary bladder in neonatal and adult rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urinary bladders were removed from neonatal (1-3 days old) and adult (15 weeks old) male Sprague-Dawley rats. Anterior longitudinal muscle strips were obtained from each group and isometric tensions recorded. Nerve-mediated contractions elicited by electrical field stimulation (0.8 ms pulse) or carbachol-induced contractile responses in neonatal and adult bladder strips were compared. Contractile tensions were normalized using the wet weight of the bladder strip or by using the percentage contraction induced by 60 mmol/L KCl. RESULTS: Nerve-mediated contractile responses showed that the muscarinic component predominated in the neonatal rat bladder, which contrasted with the predominant purinergic components in adult bladder. The pattern of spontaneous activity and carbachol-induced contraction differed in the two groups. Small spontaneous contractions in the basal state occurred in adult bladder strips, while short-lived large spontaneous contractions were present in neonatal strips. The amplitude of carbachol-induced contractions generated in the neonatal bladder was larger than that in the adult bladder. In addition, the time to achieve peak contraction elicited by carbachol (5 micromol/L) was shorter in the neonatal bladder. Repetitive carbachol applications induced an attenuation of the contractile response (desensitization), but the neonatal bladder was more resistant to desensitization than the adult bladder. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that nerve-mediated or agonist-induced contractile patterns, and spontaneous activity, in the neonatal bladder differ from those of the adult bladder in rats. The results suggest that in addition to neural immaturity, there are functional differences between the bladders of adult and neonatal rats.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2000

Yomogin inhibits the degranulation of mast cells and the production of the nitric oxide in activated RAW 264.7 cells.

Yomogin (1), an eudesmane sesquiterpene isolated from Artemisia princeps, was tested for the effects on the degranulation process of cultured mast cells and on the nitric oxide production in LPS-activated murine macrophages. It demonstrated a significant inhibition on the release of beta-hexosaminidase from the cultured RBL-2H3 cells in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 value, 50 microM) and also exhibited a potent inhibition on the nitric oxide production from the activated RAW264.7 cells (IC50 value, 3 microM).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory triterpenes from the herb of Prunella vulgaris.

The activity-guided fractionation of the extract of the herb of Prunella vulgaris (Labiatae) led to the isolation of four triterpenes, i.e., betulinic acid, ursolic acid, 2 alpha,3 alpha-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, and 2 alpha-hydroxyursolic acid. One of these compounds, 2 alpha,3 alpha-dihydroxyursolic acid, demonstrated significant inhibition on the release of beta-hexosaminidase from the cultured RBL-2H3 cells in a dose-dependent manner; the IC50 value was calculated to be 57 microM. When the isolated compounds were tested for their effects on the production of nitric oxide from cultured murine macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells, ursolic acid and 2 alpha-hydroxyursolic acid exhibited strong inhibitory activities (IC50 values, 17 and 27 microM, respectively).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Lymphangioma of large intestine: report of ten cases with endoscopic and pathologic correlation.

BACKGROUND: Lymphangioma of the intestinal tracts is extremely rare and usually presents as a sessile or pedunculated polyp. The cause of these gross morphologic differences is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristic histopathology of the colonic lymphangiomas in comparison with their endoscopic findings. METHODS: Ten colonic lymphangiomas, diagnosed and resected endoscopically between 1992 and 1999, were microscopically examined and immunohistochemically stained with CD31, CD34, Factor VIII-related antigen, and smooth muscle actin. RESULTS: The characteristic endoscopic finding was a transparent, fluctuating sessile (7 cases) or pedunculated (3 cases) polypoid mass with the color of normal colonic mucosa. Proliferative and dilated lymphatic tumor vessels were found in the colonic mucosa as well as in the submucosa in seven cases. In three pedunculated lymphangiomas, dilated lymphatics were exclusively restricted to the submucosa. The endothelial lining cells stained positively for both CD31 and Factor VIII-related antigen in all 10 cases tested, but most cases were negative for CD34. CONCLUSION: A pedicle does not exclude the endoscopic diagnosis of lymphangioma and there is a close correlation between its presence and histologic submucosal localization of dilated lymphatic vessels.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Multicenter surveillance study for nosocomial infections in major hospitals in Korea. Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Committee of the Korean Society for Nosocomial Infection Control.

BACKGROUND: The goals of a surveillance for nosocomial infections (NIs) are to observe the magnitude and characteristics of NIs and to plan and evaluate policies and guidelines of infection control. This study was designed to determine the rate and distribution of NIs and their causative pathogens in Korean hospitals. METHODS: Prospective surveillance was performed at 15 acute care hospitals with more than 500 beds during a 3-month period from June to August 1996. The case-finding methods were laboratory-based surveillance for patients in the general wards and a direct review of medical charts done regularly for all the patients in the intensive care units. RESULTS: A total of 3162 NIs were found among 85,547 discharged patients, with an overall nosocomial infection rate of 3.70 per 100 patients discharged. Urinary tract infections constituted 30.3% of all NIs. Other infections were pneumonias, 17.2%, surgical site infections, 15.5%, and primary bloodstream infections, 14.5%. The infection rate was the highest in neurosurgery (14.21), followed by neurology (8. 62) and ontology services (6.70). The infection rate in intensive care units was higher than it was in the general wards (10.74 vs 2. 57, P =.001). The commonly isolated organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (17.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.8%), and Escherichia coli (12.3%). CONCLUSIONS: This first multicenter surveillance study provided extensive information on the current status and trends of NIs in major hospitals in Korea. The results may contribute to the evaluation of infection control programs and the development of effective strategies in these hospitals.

Contact Tracing↗
PubMed2000

The anesthetic and recovery profile of two doses (60 and 80 mg) of plain mepivacaine for ambulatory spinal anesthesia.

UNLABELLED: Reports of transient neurological symptoms with the use of subarachnoid lidocaine has generated interest in alternate local anesthetics of intermediate duration, such as mepivacaine. This prospective randomized, double-blinded, dose-response study examined the anesthetic and recovery profiles of 60- and 80-mg doses of preservative-free plain mepivacaine for ambulatory spinal anesthesia. Sixty patients undergoing ambulatory anterior cruciate ligament repair of the knee under spinal anesthesia were randomized into two groups; Group 1 (29 patients) received 4 mL of 1.5% (60-mg dose) and Group 2 (31 patients) received 4 mL of 2% (80-mg dose) of plain mepivacaine. All patients received a combined spinal-epidural anesthetic technique. The epidural catheter was used only in the event the surgery outlasted the duration of surgical anesthesia with subarachnoid mepivacaine. Epidural supplementation was administered in three patients (12%) in Group 1 and one patient (3%) in Group 2 when the sensory block regressed to L-1 with surgery expected to last longer than 15 min. The cephalad dermatome level of the block and degree of motor block was comparable in the two groups. Times to two-segment and T-10 regression were comparable in the two groups (112 +/- 26 min in Group 1 versus 122 +/- 28 min in Group 2). Time to L-1 regression was significantly longer in Group 2 (146 +/- 28 min in Group 1 versus 159 +/- 19 min in Group 2). All of the ambulatory milestones were significantly faster in Group 1. Side effects, such as hypotension and emesis were negligible, severe bradycardia and urinary retention did not occur, and none of the patients in the two groups reported transient neurological symptoms over 24 h. In conclusion, plain mepivacaine in a 60- or 80-mg dose is a suitable local anesthetic choice for ambulatory spinal anesthesia with respect to anesthetic, as well as recovery profiles. IMPLICATIONS: We evaluated the anesthetic and recovery profiles of 60- and 80-mg doses of plain mepivacaine for ambulatory spinal anesthesia. Both doses produced comparable sensory and motor block. Sensory and motor regression and ambulatory milestones were 20-30 min longer with the 80-mg dose. Side effects were negligible and transient neurological symptoms were not reported during a 24-h follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Analysis of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in juvenile polyposis.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) is characterised by gastrointestinal (GI) hamartomatous polyposis and an increased risk of GI malignancy. Juvenile polyps also occur in the Cowden (CS), Bannayan-Ruvalcaba-Riley (BRRS) and Gorlin (GS) syndromes. Diagnosing JPS can be problematic because it relies on exclusion of CS, BRRS, and GS. Germline mutations in the PTCH, PTEN and DPC4 (SMAD4) genes can cause GS, CS/BRRS, and JPS, respectively. AIMS: To examine the contribution of mutations in PTCH, PTEN, and DPC4 (SMAD4) to JPS. METHODS: Forty seven individuals from 15 families and nine apparently sporadic cases with JPS were screened for germline mutations in DPC4, PTEN, and PTCH. RESULTS: No patient had a mutation in PTEN or PTCH. Five different germline mutations were detected in DPC4; three of these were deletions, one a single base substitution creating a stop codon, and one a missense change. None of these patients had distinguishing clinical features. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations in PTEN and PTCH are unlikely to cause juvenile polyposis in the absence of clinical features indicative of CS, BRRS, or GS. A proportion of JPS patients harbour DPC4 mutations (21% in this study) but there remains uncharacterized genetic heterogeneity in JPS.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed2000

Comparing MR imaging and CT in the staging of gastric carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of breath-hold two-dimensional (2D) fast low-angle shot (FLASH) and T2-weighted turbo spin-echo fast MR imaging compared with helical CT in the staging of gastric carcinoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with gastric carcinoma underwent preoperative MR imaging and helical CT. MR imaging at 1.5 T was performed immediately after the intramuscular injection of scopolamine and the oral administration of water or effervescent granules. Breath-hold 2D FLASH T1-weighted images in all three planes, turbo spin-echo T2-weighted axial images, and gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed 2D FLASH axial images were included. Helical CT was performed 60 sec after initiation of i.v. contrast medium injection (2.5-3 ml/sec). Two groups of two radiologists each independently analyzed the MR and helical CT findings, and these results were compared with the pathologic findings. RESULTS: For T staging, MR imaging accuracy was higher than that of helical CT (73.3% and 66.7%, respectively); however, the accuracies of the two methods were not significantly different from each other (McNemar test, p > 0.05). Overstaging was noted in 6.7% of cases with MR imaging and 10% with helical CT. Understaging was noted in 20% of cases with MR imaging and 23.3% with helical CT. For N staging, the accuracies of MR imaging and helical CT were 55% and 58.6%, respectively, with no statistical significance (overstaging, 10% and 6.9%; understaging, 34.5% and 34.5%, respectively). CONCLUSION: MR imaging was comparable to helical CT in the T and N staging of gastric cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Clinical correlations of peripheral blood microchimerism after liver transplantation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate microchimerism after human liver transplantation (LT). This study included 13 female recipients who received hepatic allograft from male donors at Asan Medical Center. A nested PCR specific for Y-chromosome gene (DYZ3) was used to analyze the small number of male cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the female recipients. Microchimerism was observed in 6 of 13 recipients and 16 out of 35 samples. Only 3 patients showed microchimerism 3 months after LT. There was no statistical difference between the presence of microchimerism and clinical findings such as type of donor, type of immunosuppression, episode of rejection and age of recipient. This study did not show any clinical relevance of microchimerism and further larger study are needed to confirm the results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Limited incremental diagnostic values of attenuation-noncorrected gating and ungated attenuation correction to rest/stress myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients with an intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease.

UNLABELLED: Either gated myocardial perfusion SPECT or attenuation-corrected SPECT can be used to improve specificity in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated whether attenuation-noncorrected gating and ungated attenuation correction could improve the diagnostic performance of rest/stress perfusion SPECT in patients having an intermediate pretest likelihood of CAD. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients (29 men, 39 women; mean age, 59 +/- 12 y) with coronary artery stenosis > or =70% (1 vessel, n = 13; 2 vessels, n = 18; 3 vessels, n = 8; normal, n = 29) underwent rest attenuation-corrected 201TI SPECT and dipyridamole stress gated attenuation-corrected 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile SPECT with an ADAC vertex camera. Three physicians graded the post-test likelihood of CAD for each arterial territory using a 5-point scale (1, normal; 2, possibly normal; 3, equivocal; 4, possibly abnormal; 5, abnormal). The sensitivity, specificity, and areas under receiver-operating-characteristic curves were compared for each operator by 3 methods: attenuation-noncorrected rest/stress SPECT, gated poststress SPECT plus attenuation-noncorrected rest/stress SPECT, and attenuation-corrected rest/stress SPECT plus gated poststress SPECT plus attenuation-noncorrected rest/stress SPECT. RESULTS: When higher than grade 3 was used as the criterion for CAD, no differences in sensitivity and specificity were found among the 3 methods for each operator. Areas under receiver-operating-characteristic curves for the diagnosis of CAD and stenosis revealed no differences for each modality (P > 0.05 for each comparison). CONCLUSION: In patients with an intermediate risk of CAD, viewing attenuation-noncorrected gated poststress SPECT and ungated attenuation-corrected rest/stress SPECT images did not improve the diagnostic performance for CAD and stenosis.

Coronary Circulation↗
PubMed2000

Efficient inhibition of in vivo human malignant glioma growth and angiogenesis by interferon-beta treatment at early stage of tumor development.

Malignant gliomas are highly angiogenic and aggressive tumors. IFN-beta has been used for the treatment of patients with malignant glioma; however, its antitumor mechanism in vivo remains unclear. To understand the in vivo antitumor effect and mechanism of recombinant human IFN-beta (rhIFN-beta) depending on the stages of tumor development or progression, we used orthotopic xenograft brain tumors generated by stereotactic intracerebral implantation of U-87 human glioma cells in nude mice. Mice bearing tumors 7 days (group 1) and 21 days (group 2) postimplant were treated with 2 x 10(5) IU/day of rhIFN-beta or saline i.p. for 15 days, respectively. Tumor growth was suppressed by 69.6% in group 1 and 10.8% in group 2 compared with tumors of each control group treated with saline. rhIFN-beta-treated group 1 animals showed 38% reduction in vascularization along with a 2.5-fold increase of the apoptotic index and no change in the proliferative index as compared with untreated tumors. The expression level of vascular endothelial cell growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor was not affected by rhIFN-beta treatment. rhIFN-beta showed inhibitory activity on proliferation of U-87 cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and PAM 212 murine keratinocytes in vitro. Our results indicate that the in vivo antitumor effect of rhIFN-beta on malignant gliomas may be mediated, at least in part, via angiogenesis inhibition rather than antiproliferative activity and that rhIFN-beta may be more effective for the treatment of malignant glioma patients at an early stage with minimal or microscopic tumor burdens rather than at an advanced stage of tumor development.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between intratumor histological heterogeneity and genetic abnormalities in gastric carcinoma with microsatellite instability.

Microsatellite instability (MSI)-mutator phenotype variably targets microsatellite-like sequences in coding regions of cancer-related genes. Intratumor histological heterogeneity of gastric carcinoma with MSI was evaluated and found to be linked with the topographical distribution of MSI-associated mutations. One hundred fifty tumor sites derived from 51 gastric cancer patients were microdissected with respect to histological and topographical clonality. We found 11 gastric carcinomas with a high frequency of MSI, which were characterized by marked intratumor genetic heterogeneity arising from the progressive MSI-phenotype that was associated with frameshift mutations on multiple cancer-related genes. The 11 MSI-tumor cases manifested the MSI-phenotype in 34 of 36 tumor sites tested, but not in the remaining 2 sites. Most (88.2%, 30 of 34) MSI-positive sites and most (96.2%, 25 of 26) tumor sites harboring the frameshift mutations in transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II gene exhibited intestinal-type histology, whereas the 2 MSI-negative sites were found to be of diffuse-type histology without accompanying frameshift mutations. In 2 of 5 cases harboring E2F-4 frameshift mutations, glandular structures of intestinal-type tumor were likely to be variably differentiated in relation to the extent of the mutation, i.e., the number of mutated alleles and the size of deleted or inserted base pairs. Overall, the intratumor histological heterogeneity of gastric carcinoma with MSI was associated with the progressive frameshift mutations in transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II and E2F-4 genes.

Base Pair Mismatch↗
PubMed1999

Nitric oxide protects PC12 cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis by cGMP-dependent inhibition of caspase signaling.

Although nitric oxide (NO) induces neuronal cell death under some conditions, it also can prevent apoptosis resulting from growth factor withdrawal. We investigated the molecular mechanism by which NO protects undifferentiated and differentiated PC12 cells from trophic factor deprivation-induced apoptosis. PC12 cells underwent apoptotic death in association with increased caspase-3-like activity, DNA fragmentation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and cytochrome c release after 24 hr of serum withdrawal. The apoptosis of PC12 cells was inhibited by the addition of NO-generating donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) (5-100 microM) and the specific caspase-3-like protease inhibitor Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (Ac-DEVD-cho) but not the YVADase (or caspase-1-like protease) inhibitor N-acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-aldehyde (Ac-YVAD-cho). SNAP and Ac-DEVD-cho prevented the increase in DEVDase (caspase-3-like protease) activity. The SNAP-mediated suppression of DEVDase activity was only minimally reversed by the incubation of cell lysate with dithiothreitol, indicating that NO did not S-nitrosylate caspase-3-like proteases in PC12 cells. Western blot analysis showed that NO inhibited the proteolytic activation of caspase-3. The cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP) blocked apoptotic cell death, caspase-3 activity and activation, and cytochrome c release. The soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1-H-oxodiazol-[1,2,4]-[4,3-a] quinoxaline-1-one (CODQ) significantly attenuated NO-mediated, but not 8-Br-cGMP-dependent, inhibition of apoptotic cell death, PARP cleavage, cytochrome c release, and DEVDase activity. Furthermore, the protein kinase G inhibitor KT5823 reversed both SNAP- and 8-Br-cGMP-mediated anti-apoptotic events. All these apoptotic phenomena were also suppressed by NO production through neuronal NO synthase gene transfer into PC12 cells. Furthermore, similar findings were observed in differentiated PC12 cells stimulated to undergo apoptosis by NO donors and NGF deprivation. These findings indicate that NO protects against PC12 cell death by inhibiting the activation of caspase proteases through cGMP production and activation of protein kinase G.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The nitric oxide-producing activities of Scutellaria baicalensis.

Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) has antibacterial and antiviral activities. Nitric oxide (NO) as a potent macrophage-derived effector molecule against a variety of bacteria, viruses and tumors has received increasing attention. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of SB on the production of NO. Stimulation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with SB after the treatment of recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) resulted in the increased NO production. SB had no effect on NO production by itself. When SB was used in combination with rIFN-gamma, there was a marked cooperative induction of NO production in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal effect of SB on NO production was shown 6 h after treatment with rIFN-gamma. NO production by SB was inhibited by N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine. The increased production of NO from rIFN-(gamma) plus SB-stimulated cells was decreased by the treatment of protein kinase C inhibitor such as staurosporin. In addition, synergy between rIFN-gamma and SB was mainly dependent on SB-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion. All the preparations of SB were endotoxin free. These results suggest that the capacity of SB to increase NO production from rIFN-gamma-primed mouse peritoneal macrophages is the result of SB-induced TNF-gamma secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Selection of RAPD marker for growth of seedlings at low temperature in rice.

We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay that could effectively reduce the time period required to screen and select the cold tolerance gene of rice seedlings under field conditions. The two specific random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments for the assay were identified on the basis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis which were found to be tightly linked to cold sensitivity. The two RAPD fragments, OPT8(600) in the cold sensitivity rice cultivar 'Dular (indica)' and OPU20(1200) in the resistance rice cultivar 'Toyohatamochi (japonica)', were identified after screening 11 RAPD fragments using 2 random primers on the genomic DNAs of 'Dular' and 'Toyohatamochi'. These primers, when used in a multiplexed PCR, specifically amplified a 0.6 kb and a 1.2 kb fragment in the sensitive and resistant rice cultivars, respectively. When this assay was performed on the genomic DNAs of 16 japonica, 3 Tongil (indica/ japonica), and 2 indica rice cultivars, the primers amplified a 0.6 kb fragment in all of the cold sensitivity rice cultivars or 1.2 kb fragment in all of the resistance ones. These markers can be of potential use in the marker-assisted selection (MAS) for cold tolerance in rice seedling. As screening for resistance can now be conducted independent of the availability of low temperature, the breeding of cold tolerance cultivars can be hastened.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

Long-term outcome of patients with syncope associated with coronary artery disease and a nondiagnostic electrophysiologic evaluation.

Syncope in the patient with structural heart disease and a nondiagnostic noninvasive workup is a generally accepted indication for an invasive electrophysiologic study. However, if the electrophysiologic evaluation is not highly sensitive, arrhythmic causes of syncope may not be discovered. In these patients, recurrent syncope and even sudden death may be observed at follow-up. Thus, we evaluated long-term follow-up in 68 consecutive patients who presented with syncope, coronary artery disease, and who had a negative invasive electrophysiologic evaluation. At a mean follow-up of 30 +/- 18 months (range 1 to 65), there have been 2 sudden deaths and 1 episode each of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia in patients treated with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. All 4 arrhythmias occurred in patients with left ventricular fractions < or = 25%. Seventeen patients had recurrent presyncope or syncope. Bradycardia causing syncope was found in 8 of these patients. A bundle branch block at the initial evaluation predicted for the occurrence of bradycardia at follow-up. We conclude that in patients with coronary artery disease and syncope, noninducibility at electrophysiologic study predicts a lower risk of sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias. However, in patients with a reduced ejection fraction, the risk of sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias remains up to 10%/year and these patients may warrant treatment with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Recurrent syncope is common, and frequently a bradyarrhythmia is found to be the cause. Treatment of selected patients (especially those with bundle branch blocks) with permanent pacemakers may be justified.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Somatic mutations of the first 14 exons of APC in hamartomatous polyps of the colon.

Although hamartomatous or hyperplastic polyps are rarely accompanied by adenomatous or carcinomatous foci, the role of APC (MIM# 175100) mutations in these polyps is not clear. The neoplastic potential of these polyps was assessed with regard to somatic mutation of the first 14 exons of APC. DNA from 14 hamartomatous polyps (12 patients with juvenile polyp, JP; two patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, PJS) and 27 hyperplastic polyps was used. Exons 1-14 of APC were amplified using verified oligonucleotide primers, and PCR-SSCP analysis was performed. Translation-terminating mutation in exon 15 was also screened using the protein truncation test. All mutations found were transitions or transversions with heterozygous alleles of both wild-type and mutant APC in exons 2, 9, 10, and 11. Four hamartomatous polyps (three from JP and one from PJS) showed seven, new mutations and one common APC variant (codon 486), whereas no hyperplastic polyps demonstrated mutation. APC mutation was not correlated with previous history of colorectal carcinoma or number of polyps. Since all mutations were missense or silent mutations occurred in exons not previously known to have functionally relevant area, their phenotypic implication appeared to be limited.

Colonic Polyps↗