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Biomedical subjects

K Linde

Publications and source records attributed to K Linde.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

The potential of organizations of fee-for-service physicians for achieving significant decreases in hospitalization.

Because hospitalization is a key factor in controlling health care costs and because fee-for-service remains the predominant mode of physician payment, a study was undertaken of the hospitalization experiences of open panel fee-for-service health maintenance organizations (IPA-HMOs) and Foundations for Medical Care (FMCs). Ten open panel plans were surveyed as to characteristics of their programs, physicians, and enrollees and their hospitalization rates. Although data were incomplete, three IPA-HMOs, described as case reports, did achieve striking reductions in hospital use relative to a comparison group or period. Salient characteristics of these plans that may influence hospital use are prepayment by enrollees, sharing by physicians of some financial risk, and effective peer review. Further study is needed, but preliminary indications are that IPA-HMOs have a role to play in reducing health care costs.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1977

[Studies on calf salmonellosis. 3. Preclinical evaluation of a Smd. Salmonella dublin live vaccine].

Results of preclinical assay, preparation and conservation of a S.-dublin live vaccine based on streptomycin dependent mutants and for oral application are demonstrated and discussed in detail. The used oral vaccine is very good tolerated by calves and results in stable immunity after administration of a daily dose of 5 x 10(10) bis 1 x 10(11) living Smd.-mutants for 10 consecutive days. Complete immunity developes in calves within a period of two weeks after the last antigen administration and persists up to the age of 5 to 6 months. Conserving the vaccine at low temperatures (-15 degrees C) the number of living organism is far-reaching preserved in the first 5 months after preparation. After thawing the vaccine is to be used within a period of 3 days. With respect to the preparation of the live vaccine on semisynthetic nutritiv media some informations are given concerning the improvement of bacterial yield.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

[Studies on calf salmonellosis. 4. Oral and parenteral immunization with live (Smd) and killed antigens].

Reported are results obtained from studies into oral and parenteral immunisation of calf. The approaches had included the use of live (Smd) or dead antigen from Salmonella (S.) dublin and a combination of the two immunisation methods. Live antigen (Smd) was superior to thermally activated dead antigen, when the oral route was used to prevent S.-dublin injection of calves. The above findings were supported by results from analogous studies in which S. typhimurium and S. dublin or live antigen (Smd) or dead antigen, made of the two, had been applied to mice. (One single subcutaneous) parenteral administration did hardly reveal any difference in favour of live vaccine (Smd). Parenteral administration of live or dead antigen proved to be less effective than repeated oral immunisation, particularly when live vaccine (Smd) was used. Immunity not less than up to six months of age against S. dublin wild strain infection can be provided for young calves by oral immunisation, with Smd vaccine (5. 1010 to 1. 1011 live germs/d) being given on ten consecutive days. Calves orally immunised with live antigen (ten repetitive applications of Smd mutants) are likely to develop an antibody titre (H-agglutinins) against S. dublin. Parenteral boostering,using live antigen, has been accompanied by sensitisation due to oral live antigen administration as well as by dose dependence, as was seen from the bactericidal values. Sensitisation was established from orally immunised calves up to three months old (typical booster reaction). Some of it was attributabale to confrontation with wild strains of Salmonella. The H-agglutinin titres of animals aged threemonths in a calf herd with salmonelloses in which all animals had been orally Smd-immunised were close to those recorded from calves in stocks with no salmonellosis occurrence. Under the conditions of oral immunisation, there had obviously been no action of the wild strain which might have triggered intensive antibody formation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

[Studies on Salmonellosis in the calf. 5. Clinical testing of Smd-Salmonella-dublin vaccine for oral administration].

The oral vaccine, prepared on the basis of streptomycindependent mutants for administration to control S.-dublin infection, was clinically tested on 2,210 calves of 22 herds. The experimentally obtained findings regarding good tolerance and sufficient effectiveness of oral live vaccines were thus confirmed under field conditions. Good effectiveness of the oral vaccine was reflected in the recorded decline of clinical salmonellosis cases and of calf losses due to salmonellosis, and it was established also by bacteriological identification of S. dublin in faecal samples, histological sections, and material obtained from emergency slaughter carcasses. A comparison between this oral vaccine and "Mellavax" an imported vaccine for subcutaneous adminstration with good effectiveness, revealed superiority of the oral vaccine by almost all criteria of action. Particular importance was attributed to the significant reduction of the number of Salmonella-excreting animals (faeces) following oral immunisation. The oral vaccine against Dublin salmonellosis of calf was disembargoed for production in 1975 under the name of "Salmonella-dublin Live Vaccine Dessau".

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

[Murine model for experimental studies on attenuated mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain with pathogenicity for the calf. 2. Primary immunization against lethal infection, using fully attenuated streptomycin-dependent (Sm-d) mutant and booster immunization with partially attenuated streptomycin-dependent (Sm-id) revertants].

An experimental study was conducted into the immunisation of mice to a strain of Pasteurella multocida with pathogenicity for calf. Here are the findings: (a) The attenuation of Sm-id revertants was measured with reference to the order of extinction and compared to the wild strain. (b) A selected range of Sm-id revertants with differentiated attenuation is presented. (c) Single immunisation, using fully attenuatted Sm-d mutant does prevent lethal infection with partially attenuated Sm-id revertants, although it is ineffective against wild strain infection. (d) Immunity against 100 times the lethal dose of the wild strain can be achieved by two immunisations, that is primary antigen application, using fully attenuated Sm-d mutant, and booster immunisation, using partially attenuated Sm-id revertant.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Murine model for experimental studies on attenuated mutants of a Pasteurella multocida strain with pathogenicity for the calf. 1. Isolation and biological characterization of streptomycin-dependent mutants (Sm-d) and their examination for immunogenicity in comparison with thermally inactivated pathogens].

An experimental study was conducted into the immunisation of mice to a strain of Pasteurella multocida with pathogenicity for calf. Here are the results: (a) Stable Sm-d mutants were isolated. (b) The genetic stability of this mutant type was established by unsubstantiable reversion up to the magnitude of 10(-8) or - in cases in which 20 Sm-id revertants maximum occurred in 10(-8) Sm-d germs--by prolongation of the generation period of these suppressor mutants which can be defined also as minus mutants. (c) Stable attenuation of selected Sm-d mutants has been established in mice by intraperitoneal application of 108 germs. (d) Live germs with restricted reproduction exhibited more immunogenicity to thermally inactivated antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Immuno-prevention of coli infections in swine using live vaccine. 1. Use in coli infections during the 1st days of life].

Live vaccine prepared from streptomycin-dependent mutants of E. coli was well tolerated in various doses and at various times of administration, for there were no adverse reactions. There was no evidence of reversion to a virulent form. Efficacy was closely related to frequency of application of the vaccine. Vaccination must be performed as early as possible to immunize against infection during the first few days of life. It was possible to confer protection against the diarrhoea that occurs at 3-4 weeks of age. The use of an oral vaccine under intensive husbandry systems was shown to be safe. When the piglets were kept in cages, the vaccine could be administered in the existing mixing tanks for water supply, without the need for special equipment. Oral immunization of pigs already infected or already ill did not aggravate the existing infection, whether the animals were housed individually or in pens. Because of the dilution effect of the mixing tank and water supply pipes, the dose of vaccine, given on ten successive days, should be calculated at 10(9) organisms of the E. coli mutant per animal. This should supply a number close to the desired bacterial count of 10(10) organisms per animal daily. Immunization significantly reduced the frequency of gastrointestinal diseases during the first three weeks of age in piglets.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Enteral immunization with attenuated representatives of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Report 3. Comparison of the immunogenicity of the Sm-d-mutants of E. coli and the killed vaccine].

The authors present the results of a comparative study of the immunogenicity of the living (Sm-d) and killed E. coli vaccine which, in determination by such methods as the Vidal test, passive hemagglutination test, bactericidal activity, establishment of passive and active defence, proved to be the same in both vaccines. However, with the aid of Rauss and Ketyi's method, modified by the authors (determination of nonsuceptibility in enteral infection of the animals with intestine sterilized with streptomycin) it was possible to reveal the capacity of the living vaccine to depress the growth and the activity (reproducible and statistically controlled) of E. coli administered into the organism of the immunized animal for the purpose of infection. They were discharged with the feces for a definite period in 90% of control animals and mice immunized with the killed vaccine; this occured in less than 10% of the animals immunized with the living vaccine.

Animals↗