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Biomedical subjects

K Kuoppasalmi

Publications and source records attributed to K Kuoppasalmi.

33 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Use of hypnosis in studies of the effect of stress on cardiovascular function and hormones.

In an attempt to separate the somatic and mental components of stress, groups of young male volunteers underwent running exercises and sauna baths, and roughly one year later had the same experiences recalled under hypnosis. In addition, experiments involving mental stress in the form of mental arithmetic were performed. A variety of physiological and biochemical parameters was measured on each occasion. Results for cardiovascular responses, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, androstenedione, prolactin and growth hormone are reported. It is concluded that the mental component of combined mental and somatic stress may be separated from the somatic component by hypnotic suggestion. The response during hypnotic suggestion of the stress is usually of less but sometimes of the same magnitude as that obtained during the actual stress. Occasionally the response goes in the opposite direction during hypnotic suggestion as compared to the real situation. The individual responses vary considerably between individuals. The hormones most sensitive to mental stress are growth hormone, androstenedione, cortisol, renin and angiotensin II. In the present study, mental stress had a depressing effect, if any, on plasma prolactin. Hypnosis in itself has no effect on plasma hormones in unstressed subjects compared to the normal diurnal variations.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Determination of metabolites and enzymes in muscle.

The advantages of enzymatic fluorometric methods in measuring metabolites and enzymes in tissue samples are described and discussed. A technique is described for separating single muscle fibres for chemical analysis. In this way it is possible to study the metabolism of slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres in the same muscle and obtain results with accuracy and precision. This will provide better opportunity for understanding the effects of training in athletics and the metabolic changes in muscle diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

High-energy phosphate compounds during exercise in human slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres.

Concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate, the high-energy phosphates, were investigated in slow-twitch (ST) and fast-twitch (FT) muscle fibres in sprinters and in long-distance runners at rest, during light sprinting exercise and during an extremely exhaustive running exercise. At rest the long-distance runners had significantly (P less than 0.005) more creatine phosphate in ST than in FT muscle fibres. Both the light and the exhaustive exercise induced breakdown of creatine phosphate to very low levels (10-15 mmol/kg; dry weight) in FT muscle fibres. In response to the exhaustive exercise, creatine phosphate in the ST fibres of the sprinters fell to a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower value than of the long-distance runners in the ST fibres. During the recovery period the synthesis of creatine phosphate seemed to be more rapid in FT than ST muscle fibres in light exercise (P less than 0.02) and in sprinters in exhaustive exercise (P less than 0.05). This study suggests that (1) during short-term exercise FT muscle fibres consume more of their creatine phosphate stores than ST muscle fibres, (2) in vigorous exercise athletes trained for sprinting are able to recruit not only the FT but also the ST muscle fibres, and (3) in such trained sprinters creatine phosphate is possibly resynthesized more rapidly in FT than in ST muscle fibres.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1980

Cardiovascular function and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in long-distance runners during various training periods.

Blood pressure, heart rate, heart volume, electrocardiogram, plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations were followed up in sixteen male long-distance runners during various training periods from January to September. During the most intense training period, the "track-running' period, the athletes had significant increases in all measured parameters of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (R-A-A) system when compared to the seven control subjects. In the middle of this period the PRA and angiotensin II concentrations of the athletes had increased 1.9- and 1.5-fold, respectively, from the initial values. The plasma aldosterone concentration increased both in the athletes and in the control group. The systolic blood pressure of the athletes was slightly but significantly increased at the same period as the most marked changes in the R-A-A system were found. In the athletes, positive correlations were found between the relative heart volumes in the roentgenograms and the electrocardiographic signs for both right and left ventricular size. This study demonstrates that during intense training runners may have long-lasting temporary increases in systolic blood pressure level with parallel changes in the components of the R-A-A system. However, the reason for this slight increase in the systolic blood pressure remains unclear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Plasma cortisol, androstenedione, testosterone and luteinizing hormone in running exercise of different intensities.

Changes in plasma cortisol, androstenedione, testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in five young male sprinters after maximal short-term running and in five young male long-distance runners after moderate (90 min, 4.3 min/km) and intense (45 min, 3.3 min/km) long-term running. Short-term running increased mean plasma cortisol (27%) and androstenedione (19%) significantly; no appreciable changes were found in mean plasma testosterone or LH levels. Intense long-term running caused considerable increases in mean plasma cortisol (43%) and androstenedione (53%). Immediately after the long-term runs mean plasma testosterone and LH did not show nay significant changes, but half an hour later mean plasma LH was found to have dropped significantly below the preceding level, by 42% after the moderate run and by 45% after the intense run. At this time the intense long-term run caused a significant decrease in mean plasma testosterone, which remained depressed up to 3 h after the end of the exercise. This study implies that the changes in plasma hormone levels depend more on the intensity of the exercise than on its duration. The activity of the pituitary-adrenocortical system appears to be a good indicator of the effort expended during the exercise. In the pituitary-testicular system, in contrast, the effort expended may be more accurately reflected by changes during the recovery period.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Plasma testosterone and sex-hormone-binding globulin capacity in physical exercise.

Plasma testosterone (T) levels, sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) capacities and T/SHBG ratios were measured in fifteen athletes during and after short- and long-term running exercises. Plasma SHBG did not change either during or after the running tests. In contrast, exercises of high intensity resulted in a slightly higher T/SHBG ratio during the exercise and a significantly lower T/SHBG ratio a few hours after the exercise. No difference in mean plasma SHBG capacity was found between trained and untrained men. This study indicates that increases or decreases in total plasma testosterone levels in exercise are associated with parallel changes in the free testosterone fraction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Effect of long-term physical training on plasma testosterone, androstenedione, luteinizing hormone and sex-hormone-binding globulin capacity.

The effect of 6-months' physical training on plasma testosterone, androstenedione and luteinizing hormone levels and the binding capacity of sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG capacity) were studied in thirty-nine army recruits. Highly significant increases in mean plasma testosterone (21%), androstenedione (25%) and LH (25%) were observed during the training period and were associated with a mean 16% increase in the estimated maximal oxygen uptake. The mean increases in hormone levels tended to be greater in the well conditioned group than in the poorly conditioned group. The mean ratio of testosterone to SHBG capacity increased by 32% (P less than 0.05), which may be in relationship with the various training-induced effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Muscle metabolism during and after strenuous intermittent running.

Muscle and blood metabolites, plasma insulin and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels were investigated in five male runners before and after strenuous intermittent running exercise of short duration. Immediately after the exercise, the mean muscle creatine phosphate level (CrP) had fallen by 74% (P less than 0.02) and 30 min later the initial level was regained in only one subject. Other immediate results were increases in mean muscle lactate (460%, P less than 0.005), glucose (130%), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P, 320%) and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP, 32%). Muscle ATP and glycogen concentration had decreased by 31 and 23% (P less than 0.05), respectively. However, ATP, glucose, G6P and FDP changes were not significant owing to the great individual variation. This may have been due to the different training programmes of the runners. Immediately after the exercise mean plasma insulin was 210% (P less than 0.01), blood glucose 71% (P less than 0.005) and plasma cAMP concentration 260% (P less than 0.01) higher than the pre-exercise values. After running urinary excretion of cAMP was 29% higher than before the exercise. It is concluded that exhaustive, short-term exercise activates the liver adenylate cyclase system so giving rise to an increased level of blood glucose, which is an important source of energy during this type of exercise.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1976

Plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone during intense heat stress.

Plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II, and aldosterone levels, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate of six male students were investigated during and after heat stress in a sauna bath. Increased PRA, angiotensin II, and aldosterone levels were found both during and after sauna. The greatest mean increases in PRA (94.9 +/- 10.4% SE, P less than 0.005) and angiotensin II (196 +/- 54.7% SE, P less than 0.02) were observed at the end of the heat stress (at 20 min), and that in plasma aldosterone (505 +/- 209% SE, P less than 0.02) 30 min after the sauna. The heart rate roughly doubled during the heat stress and there was a transient increase followed by a decrease in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. This study demonstrates that intense heat stress can cause remarkable changes in the three main components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Adult↗